ly to your health； I refer from time to time to the bagnio。 My mentioning these particulars arises （I freely own） from some suspicion that the hints are not unnecessary； for； when you were a schoolboy； you were slovenly and dirty above your fellows。 I must add another caution； which is that upon no account whatever； you put your fingers； as too many people are apt to do； in your nose or ears。 It is the most shocking； nasty； vulgar rudeness； that can be offered to company； it disgusts one； it turns one's stomach； and； for my own part； I would much rather know that a man's fingers were actually in his breech； than see them in his nose。 Wash your ears well every morning； and blow your nose in your handkerchief whenever you have occasion； but； by the way； without looking at it ； afterward。 There should be in the least； as well as in the greatest parts of a gentleman； 'les manieres nobles'。 Sense will teach you some； observation others； attend carefully to the manners； the diction； the motions； of people of the first fashion； and form your own upon them。 On the other hand； observe a little those of the vulgar； in order to avoid them： for though the things which they say or do may be the same； the manner is always totally different： and in that； and nothing else； consists the characteristic of a man of fashion。 The lowest peasant speaks； moves； dresses； eats； and drinks； as much as a man of the first fashion； but does them all quite differently； so that by doing and saying most things in a manner opposite to that of the vulgar； you have a great chance of doing and saying them right。 There are gradations in awkwardness and vulgarism； as there are in everything else。 'Les manieres de robe'； though not quite right； are still better than 'les manieres bourgeoises'； and these； though bad； are still better than 'les manieres de campagne'。 But the language； the air； the dress； and the manners of the court； are the only true standard 'des manieres nobles； et d'un honnete homme。 Ex pede Herculem' is an old and true saying； and very applicable to our present subject； for a man of parts； who has been bred at courts； and used to keep the best company； will distinguish himself； and is to be known from the vulgar by every word； attitude； gesture； and even look。 I cannot leave these seeming 'minutiae'； without repeating to you the necessity of your carving well； which is an article； little as it is； that is useful twice every day of one's life； and the doing it ill is very troublesome to one's self； and very disagreeable； often ridiculous； to others。
Having said all this； I cannot help reflecting； what a formal dull fellow； or a cloistered pedant； would say； if they were to see this letter： they would look upon it with the utmost contempt； and say that surely a father might find much better topics for advice to a son。 I would admit it； if I had given you； or that you were capable of receiving； no better； but if sufficient pains have been taken to form your heart and improve your mind； and； as I hope； not without success； I will tell those solid gentlemen； that all these trifling things； as they think them； collectively； form that pleasing 'je ne sais quoi'； that ensemble； which they are utter strangers to both in themselves and others。 The word aimable is not known in their language； or the thing in their manners。 Great usage of the world； great attention； and a great desire of pleasing； can alone give it； and it is no trifle。 It is from old people's looking upon these things as trifles； or not thinking of them at all； that so many young people are so awkward and so ill…bred。 Their parents； often careless and unmindful of them； give them only the common run of education； as school； university； and then traveling； without examining； and very often without being able to judge； if they did examine； what progress they make in any one of these stages。 Then； they carelessly comfort themselves； and say； that their sons will do like other people's sons； and so they do； that is； commonly very ill。 They correct none of the childish nasty tricks； which they get at school； nor the illiberal manners which they contract at the university； nor the frivolous and superficial pertness； which is commonly all that they acquire by their travels。 As they do not tell them of these things； nobody else can； so they go on in the practice of them； without ever hearing； or knowing； that they are unbecoming； indecent； and shocking。 For； as I have often formerly observed to you； nobody but a father can take the liberty to reprove a young fellow； grown up； for those kinds of inaccuracies and improprieties of behavior。 The most intimate friendship； unassisted by the paternal superiority； will not authorize it。 I may truly say； therefore； that you are happy in having me for a sincere； friendly； and quick…sighted monitor。 Nothing will escape me： I shall pry for your defects； in order to correct them； as curiously as I shall seek for your perfections； in order to applaud and reward them； with this difference only； that I shall publicly mention the latter； and never hint at the former； but in a letter to； or a tete…d…tete with you。 I will never put you out of countenance before company； and I hope you will never give me reason to be out of countenance for you； as any one of the above…mentioned defects would make me。 'Praetor non； curat de minimis'； was a maxim in the Roman law； for causes only of a certain value were tried by him but there were inferior jurisdictions； that took cognizance of the smallest。 Now I shall try you； not only as 'praetor' in the greatest； but as 'censor' in lesser； and as the lowest magistrate in the least cases。
I have this moment received Mr。 Harte's letter of the 1st November； N。 S。； by which I am very glad to find that he thinks of moving toward Paris； the end of this month； which looks as if his leg were better； besides； in my opinion； you both of you only lose time at Montpelier； he would find better advice； and you better company； at Paris。 In the meantime； I hope you go into the best company there is at Montpelier； and there always is some at the Intendant's； or the Commandant's。 You will have had full time to learn 'les petites chansons Languedociennes'； which are exceedingly pretty ones； both words and tunes。 I remember； when I was in those parts； I was surprised at the difference which I found between the people on one side； and those on the other side of the Rhone。 The Provencaux were； in general； surly； ill…bred； ugly； and swarthy； the Languedocians the very reverse： a cheerful； well…bred； handsome people。 Adieu！ Yours most affectionately。
P。 S。 Upon reflection； I direct this letter to Paris； I think you must have left Montpelier before it could arrive there。
LETTER CXXIV
LONDON； November 19； O。 S。 1750
MY DEAR FRIEND： I was very glad to find by your letter of the 12th； N。 S。； that you had informed yourself so well of the state of the French marine at Toulon； and of the commerce at Marseilles； they are objects that deserve the inquiry and attention of every man who intends to be concerned in public affairs。 The French are now wisely attentive to both； their commerce is incredibly increased within these last thirty years； they have beaten us out of great part of our Levant trade； their East India trade has greatly affected ours； and； in the West Indies； their Martinico establishment supplies； not only France itself； but the greatest part of Europe； with sugars whereas our islands； as Jamaica； Barbadoes； and the Leeward； have now no other market for theirs but England。 New France； or Canada； has also greatly lessened our fur and skin trade。 It is true （as you say） that we have no treaty of commerce subsisting （I do not say WITH MARSEILLES） but with France。 There was a treaty of commerce made between England and France； immediately after the treaty of Utrecht； but the whole treaty was conditional； and to depend upon the parliament's enacting certain things which were stipulated in two of the articles； the parliament； after a very famous debate； would not do it； so the treaty fell to the ground： however； the outlines of that treaty are； by mutual and tacit consent； the general rules of our present commerce with France。 It is true； too； that our commodities which go to France； must go in our bottoms； the French having imitated in many respects our famous Act of Navigation； as it is commonly called。 This act was made in the year 1652； in the parliament held by Oliver Cromwell。 It forbids all foreign ships to bring into England any merchandise or commodities whatsoever； that were not of the growth and produce of that country to which those ships belonged； under penalty of the forfeiture of such ships。 This act was particularly leveled at the Dutch； who were at that time the carriers of almost all Europe； and got immensely by freight。 Upon this principle； of the advantages arising from freight； there is a provision in the same act； that even the growth and produce of our own colonies in America shall not be carried from thence to any other country in Europe； without first touching in England； but this clause has lately been repealed； in the instances of some perishable commodities； such as rice； etc。； which