¡¶a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

a record of buddhistic kingdoms(·ð¶¼¼Ç¼)- µÚ5²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

empire¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Han¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨B¡£C¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡202¡­A¡£D¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡24£©£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡subsequently¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Suy¡¡

£¨A¡£D¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡589¡­618£©¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡empire¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eastern¡¡¡¡¡¡Tsin£»¡¡¡¡¡¡towards¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡close¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

which¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡lived£»¡¡had¡¡its¡¡capital¡¡at¡¡or¡¡near¡¡Nan¡­king£»¡¡and¡¡Ch'ang¡­gan¡¡

was¡¡the¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡of¡¡the¡¡three¡¡Ts'in¡¡kingdoms£»¡¡which£»¡¡with¡¡

many¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡minor¡¡¡¡¡¡ones£»¡¡¡¡¡¡maintained¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡semi¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡independence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Tsin£»¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

rulers¡¡sometimes¡¡even¡¡assuming¡¡the¡¡title¡¡of¡¡emperor¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§2£§¡¡The¡¡period¡¡Hwang¡­che¡¡embraced¡¡from¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡399¡¡to¡¡414£»¡¡being¡¡the¡¡

greater¡¡¡¡¡¡portion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reign¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Yao¡¡¡¡¡¡Hing¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡Ts'in£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡powerful¡¡

prince¡£¡¡He¡¡adopted¡¡Hwang¡­che¡¡for¡¡the¡¡style¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign¡¡in¡¡399£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡

cyclical¡¡name¡¡of¡¡that¡¡year¡¡was¡¡Kang¡­tsze¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡possible¡¡at¡¡this¡¡distance¡¡

of¡¡time¡¡to¡¡explain£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡could¡¡be¡¡explained£»¡¡how¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡came¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡

Ke¡­hae¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡second¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡period¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡reasonable¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

suppose¡¡that¡¡he¡¡set¡¡out¡¡on¡¡his¡¡pilgrimage¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡399£»¡¡the¡¡cycle¡¡name¡¡of¡¡

which¡¡was¡¡Ke¡­hae£»¡¡as¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡the¡¡second¡¡year£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡the¡¡first£»¡¡might¡¡

easily¡¡creep¡¡into¡¡the¡¡text¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡¡¨Memoirs¡¡of¡¡Eminent¡¡Monks¡¨¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡author¡¡¡¡¡¡started¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡third¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡period¡¡¡¡¡¡Lung¡­gan¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

eastern¡¡Tsin£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡399¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§3£§¡¡¡¡¡¡These£»¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡¡¡¡¡itself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡call¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨clerical¡¨¡¡

names£»¡¡appellations¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡parties¡¡as¡¡monks¡¡or¡¡sramanas¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§4£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddhist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡tripitaka¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡canon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consists¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡three¡¡¡¡¡¡collections£»¡¡

containing£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡Eitel¡¡£¨p¡£¡¡150£©£»¡¡¡¨doctrinal¡¡aphorisms¡¡£¨or¡¡statements£»¡¡

purporting¡¡to¡¡be¡¡from¡¡Buddha¡¡himself£©£»¡¡works¡¡on¡¡discipline£»¡¡and¡¡works¡¡on¡¡

metaphysics£º¡¨called¡¡sutra£»¡¡vinaya£»¡¡and¡¡abhidharma£»¡¡in¡¡Chinese£»¡¡king¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡

leuh¡¡¡¡¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡lun¡¡¡¡¡¡£û¡££ý£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡texts£»¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡rules£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡discussions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Rhys¡¡

Davids¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡objects¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡designation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨metaphysics¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡used¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡

abhidharma¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡works£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡saying¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¨they¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bear¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡relation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

'dharma'¡¡which¡¡'by¡­law'¡¡bears¡¡to¡¡'law'¡¡than¡¡that¡¡which¡¡'metaphysics'¡¡bears¡¡

to¡¡'physics'¡¨¡¡£¨Hibbert¡¡Lectures£»¡¡p¡£¡¡49£©¡£¡¡However¡¡this¡¡be£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡about¡¡the¡¡

vinaya¡¡works¡¡that¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡was¡¡chiefly¡¡concerned¡£¡¡He¡¡wanted¡¡a¡¡good¡¡code¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rules¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡Order¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡internal¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡16¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡17¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



external¡¡relations¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡Lung¡¡embraced¡¡the¡¡western¡¡part¡¡of¡¡Shen¡­se¡¡and¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡part¡¡of¡¡

Kan¡­suh¡£¡¡The¡¡name¡¡remains¡¡in¡¡Lung¡¡Chow£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡extreme¡¡west¡¡of¡¡Shen¡­¡¡

se¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡K'een¡­kwei¡¡was¡¡the¡¡second¡¡king¡¡of¡¡¡¨the¡¡Western¡¡Ts'in¡£¡¨¡¡His¡¡family¡¡

was¡¡of¡¡northern¡¡or¡¡barbarous¡¡origin£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡tribe¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Seen¡­pe£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

surname¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡K'eih¡­fuh¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡Kwo¡­kin£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡received¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

appointment¡¡from¡¡the¡¡sovereign¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡Ts'in¡¡kingdom¡¡in¡¡385¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡

succeeded¡¡in¡¡388¡¡by¡¡his¡¡brother£»¡¡the¡¡K'een¡­kwei¡¡of¡¡the¡¡text£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡very¡¡

prosperous¡¡in¡¡398£»¡¡and¡¡took¡¡the¡¡title¡¡of¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Ts'in¡£¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡would¡¡find¡¡

him¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡capital£»¡¡¡¡¡¡somewhere¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡department¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Lan¡­chow£»¡¡

Kan¡­suh¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§7£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Under¡¡¡¡¡¡varshas¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡vashavasana¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨Pali£»¡¡¡¡¡¡vassa£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Spence¡¡¡¡¡¡Hardy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡vass£©£»¡¡

Eitel¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨p¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡163£©¡¡¡¡¡¡says£º¡¨One¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡ancient¡¡¡¡¡¡institutions¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Buddhist¡¡

discipline£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡requiring¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡ecclesiastics¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡spend¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rainy¡¡¡¡¡¡season¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡

monastery¡¡in¡¡devotional¡¡exercises¡£¡¡Chinese¡¡Buddhists¡¡naturally¡¡substituted¡¡

the¡¡hot¡¡season¡¡for¡¡the¡¡rainy¡¡£¨from¡¡the¡¡16th¡¡day¡¡of¡¡the¡¡5th¡¡to¡¡the¡¡15th¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

9th¡¡Chinese¡¡month£©¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§8£§¡¡¡¡¡¡During¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡troubled¡¡¡¡¡¡period¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Tsin¡¡¡¡¡¡dynasty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡five¡¡

£¨usurping£©¡¡Leang¡¡sovereignties¡¡in¡¡the¡¡western¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡£¨£û¡££ý¡¡£û¡££ý£©¡£¡¡

The¡¡name¡¡Leang¡¡remains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡department¡¡of¡¡Leang¡­chow¡¡in¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡

part¡¡of¡¡Kan¡­suh¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¨southern¡¡Leang¡¨¡¡arose¡¡in¡¡397¡¡under¡¡a¡¡Tuh¡­fah¡¡Wu¡­¡¡

ku£»¡¡who¡¡was¡¡succeeded¡¡in¡¡399¡¡by¡¡a¡¡brother£»¡¡Le¡­luh¡­koo£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡again¡¡by¡¡

his¡¡¡¡¡¡brother£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Now¡­t'an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡text£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡402£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡yet¡¡¡¡king¡¡

therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡Fa¡­hien¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡friends¡¡¡¡¡¡reached¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡capital¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡How¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

represented¡¡as¡¡being¡¡so¡¡may¡¡be¡¡accounted¡¡for¡¡in¡¡various¡¡ways£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡it¡¡

is¡¡not¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡write¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§9£§¡¡Chang¡­yih¡¡is¡¡still¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡a¡¡district¡¡in¡¡Kan¡­chow¡¡department£»¡¡

Kan¡­suh¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡long¡¡way¡¡north¡¡and¡¡west¡¡from¡¡Lan¡­chow£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡far¡¡from¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡Great¡¡¡¡¡¡Wall¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Its¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡was£»¡¡¡¡¡¡probably£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Twan¡­yeh¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡

northern¡¡Leang¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§10£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Dana¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡religious¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡charity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡six¡¡

paramitas£»¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡attaining¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡nirvana£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡danapati¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨one¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

practises¡¡dana¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡crosses¡¡£û¡££ý¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡of¡¡misery¡£¡¨¡¡It¡¡is¡¡given¡¡as¡¡¡¨a¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡17¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡18¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



title¡¡of¡¡honour¡¡to¡¡all¡¡who¡¡support¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡Buddhism¡¡by¡¡acts¡¡of¡¡charity£»¡¡

especially¡¡to¡¡founders¡¡and¡¡patrons¡¡of¡¡monasteries£»¡¨see¡¡Eitel£»¡¡p¡£¡¡29¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§11£§¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡pilgrims¡¡with¡¡their¡¡clerical¡¡names£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡distinguished¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡Pao¡­yun£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡translated¡¡¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡Sanskrit¡¡¡¡¡¡works¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡return¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡

India£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡only¡¡one¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡now¡¡existing¡£¡¡He¡¡died¡¡in¡¡449¡£¡¡See¡¡

Nanjio's¡¡Catalogue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Tripitaka£»¡¡col¡£¡¡417¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§12£§¡¡This¡¡was¡¡the¡¡second¡¡summer¡¡since¡¡the¡¡pilgrims¡¡left¡¡Ch'ang¡­gan¡£¡¡

We¡¡are¡¡now¡¡therefore£»¡¡probably£»¡¡in¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡400¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§13£§¡¡T'un¡­hwang¡¡£¨lat¡£¡¡39d¡¡40s¡¡N¡££»¡¡lon¡£¡¡94d¡¡50s¡¡E¡££©¡¡is¡¡still¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡

one¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡districts¡¡¡¡¡¡constituting¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡department¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Gan¡­se£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡

western¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prefectures¡¡of¡¡Kan¡­suh£»¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡termination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡

Wall¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§14£§¡¡Who¡¡this¡¡envoy¡¡was£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡he¡¡was¡¡going£»¡¡we¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡£¡¡

The¡¡text¡¡will¡¡not¡¡admit¡¡of¡¡any¡¡other¡¡translation¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§15£§¡¡¡¡¡¡Le¡¡¡¡¡¡Hao¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡native¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Lung¡­se£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡learning£»¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

kindly¡¡in¡¡his¡¡government¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡appointed¡¡governor¡¡or¡¡prefect¡¡of¡¡T'un¡­¡¡

hwang¡¡by¡¡the¡¡king¡¡of¡¡¡¨the¡¡northern¡¡Leang£»¡¨¡¡in¡¡400£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡he¡¡sustained¡¡

himself£»¡¡becoming¡¡by¡¡and¡¡by¡¡¡¨duke¡¡of¡¡western¡¡Leang£»¡¨¡¡till¡¡he¡¡died¡¡in¡¡417¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§16£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨The¡¡¡¡¡¡river¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡sand£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡great¡¡¡¡¡¡desert¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Kobi¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡Gobi£»¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡

various¡¡other¡¡names¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡great¡¡task¡¡which¡¡the¡¡pilgrims¡¡had¡¡now¡¡before¡¡

them£»to¡¡¡¡¡¡cross¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡desert¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨river¡¨¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡¡¡¡¡misleads¡¡

the¡¡reader£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡of¡¡crossing¡¡it¡¡as¡¡of¡¡crossing¡¡a¡¡stream£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡

had¡¡to¡¡traverse¡¡it¡¡from¡¡east¡¡to¡¡west¡£¡¡In¡¡his¡¡¡¨Vocabulary¡¡of¡¡Proper¡¡Names£»¡¨¡¡

p¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡23£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Dr¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Porter¡¡¡¡¡¡Smith¡¡¡¡¡¡says£º¡¨It¡¡¡¡¡¡extends¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eastern¡¡¡¡¡¡frontier¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Mongolia£»¡¡south¡­westward¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡frontier¡¡¡¡of¡¡Turkestan£»¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡within¡¡

six¡¡¡¡¡¡miles¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Ilchi£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡chief¡¡¡¡town¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Khoten¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡thus¡¡¡¡¡¡comprises¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡

twenty¡­three¡¡degrees¡¡of¡¡longitude¡¡in¡¡length£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡three¡¡to¡¡ten¡¡degrees¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡latitude¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡breadth£»¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡2£»100¡¡¡¡¡¡miles¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡length¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡

some¡¡¡¡¡¡places¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡arable¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Some¡¡¡¡¡¡idea¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡formed¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡terror¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

which¡¡this¡¡'Sea¡¡of¡¡Sand£»'¡¡with¡¡its¡¡vast¡¡billows¡¡of¡¡shifting¡¡sands£»¡¡is¡¡regarded£»¡¡

from¡¡the¡¡legend¡¡that¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡storms¡¡360¡¡cities¡¡were¡¡all¡¡buried¡¡within¡¡

the¡¡space¡¡of¡¡twenty¡­four¡¡hours¡£¡¨¡¡So¡¡also¡¡Gilmour's¡¡¡¨Among¡¡the¡¡Mongols£»¡¨¡¡

chap¡£¡¡5¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡18¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡19¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡RECORD¡¡OF¡¡BUDDHISTIC¡¡KINGDOMS¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡II¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ON¡¡TO¡¡SHEN¡­SHEN¡¡AND¡¡THENCE¡¡TO¡¡KHOTEN¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡travelling¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡seventeen¡¡¡¡¡¡days£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡distance¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡calculate¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

about¡¡¡¡¡¡1500¡¡¡¡¡¡le£»¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡pilgrims£©¡¡¡¡¡¡reached¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡kingdom¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Shen¡­shen£»£§1£§¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

country¡¡rugged¡¡and¡¡hilly£»¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thin¡¡and¡¡barren¡¡soil¡£¡¡The¡¡clothes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

common¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡coarse£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡worn¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡land¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Han£»£§2£§¡¡

some¡¡wearing¡¡felt¡¡and¡¡others¡¡coarse¡¡serge¡¡or¡¡cloth¡¡of¡¡hair£»¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡

only¡¡difference¡¡seen¡¡among¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡king¡¡professed¡¡£¨our£©¡¡Law£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡

might¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country¡¡more¡¡than¡¡four¡¡thousand¡¡monks£»£§3£§¡¡who¡¡were¡¡all¡¡

students¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡hinayana¡££§4£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡

kingdoms¡¡£¨in¡¡that¡¡region£©£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡sramans£»£§5£§¡¡all¡¡practise¡¡the¡¡rules¡¡

of¡¡India£»£§6£§¡¡only¡¡that¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡do¡¡so¡¡more¡¡exactly£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡former¡¡more¡¡

loosely¡£¡¡So¡¡£¨the¡¡travellers£©¡¡found¡¡it¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡kingdoms¡¡through¡¡which¡¡they¡¡

went¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡west£»¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡each¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡

peculiar¡¡barbarous¡¡speech¡££§7£§¡¡£¨The¡¡monks£©£»¡¡however£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡£¨given¡¡up¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡worldly¡¡¡¡¡¡life£©¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡quitted¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡families£»¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡students¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü