ns on Italian Unity。〃 He hoped to publish during the same year his work on 〃The Political Capacity of the Working Classes；〃 but was unable to write the last chapter。 。 。 。 He grew weaker continually。 His doctor prescribed rest。 In the month of August he went to Franche…Comte； where he spent a month。 Having returned to Paris； he resumed his labor with difficulty。 。 。 。 From the month of December onwards； the heart disease made rapid progress； the oppression became insupportable； his legs were swollen； and he could not sleep。 。 。 。
On the 19th of January； 1865； he died； towards two o'clock in the morning； in the arms of his wife； his sister…in…law； and the friend who writes these lines。 。 。 。
The publication of his correspondence； to which his daughter Catherine is faithfully devoted； will tend； no doubt； to increase his reputation as a thinker； as a writer； and as an honest man。 J。 A。 LANGLOIS。
PREFACE。
The following letter served as a preface to the first edition of this memoir：
〃To the Members of the Academy of Besancon 〃PARIS； June 30； 1840。
〃GENTLEMEN；In the course of your debate of the 9th of May； 1833； in regard to the triennial pension established by Madame Suard； you expressed the following wish：
〃‘The Academy requests the titulary to present it annually； during the first fortnight in July； with a succinct and logical statement of the various studies which he has pursued during the year which has just expired。'
〃I now propose； gentlemen； to discharge this duty。
〃When I solicited your votes； I boldly avowed my intention to bend my efforts to the discovery of some means of AMELIORATING THE PHYSICAL； MORAL； AND INTELLECTUAL CONDITION OF THE MERE NUMEROUS AND POORER CLASSES。 This idea； foreign as it may have seemed to the object of my candidacy； you received favorably； and； by the precious distinction with which it has been your pleasure to honor me； you changed this formal offer into an inviolable and sacred obligation。 Thenceforth I understood with how worthy and honorable a society I had to deal： my regard for its enlightenment； my recognition of its benefits； my enthusiasm for its glory； were unbounded。
〃Convinced at once that； in order to break loose from the beaten paths of opinions and systems； it was necessary to proceed in my study of man and society by scientific methods； and in a rigorous manner； I devoted one year to philology and grammar； linguistics； or the natural history of speech； being； of all the sciences； that which was best suited to the character of my mind； seemed to bear the closest relation to the researches which I was about to commence。 A treatise； written at this period upon one of the most interesting questions of comparative grammar；＇1＇ if it did not reveal the astonishing success； at least bore witness to the thoroughness； of my labors。
＇1＇ 〃An Inquiry into Grammatical Classifications。〃 By P。 J。 Proudhon。 A treatise which received honorable mention from the Academy of Inscriptions； May 4； 1839。 Out of print。
〃Since that time； metaphysics and moral science have been my only studies； my perception of the fact that these sciences； though badly defined as to their object and not confined to their sphere； are； like the natural sciences； susceptible of demonstration and certainty； has already rewarded my efforts。
〃But； gentlemen； of all the masters whom I have followed； to none do I owe so much as to you。 Your co…operation； your programmes； your instructions； in agreement with my secret wishes and most cherished hopes； have at no time failed to enlighten me and to point out my road； this memoir on property is the child of your thought。
〃In 1838； the Academy of Besancon proposed the following question： TO WHAT CAUSES MUST WE ATTRIBUTE THE CONTINUALLY INCREASING NUMBER OF SUICIDES； AND WHAT ARE THE PROPER MEANS FOR ARRESTING THE EFFECTS OF THIS MORAL CONTAGION？
〃Thereby it asked； in less general terms； what was the cause of the social evil； and what was its remedy？ You admitted that yourselves； gentlemen when your committee reported that the competitors had enumerated with exactness the immediate and particular causes of suicide； as well as the means of preventing each of them； but that from this enumeration； chronicled with more or less skill； no positive information had been gained； either as to the primary cause of the evil； or as to its remedy。
〃In 1839； your programme； always original and varied in its academical expression； became more exact。 The investigations of 1838 had pointed out； as the causes or rather as the symptoms of the social malady； the neglect of the principles of religion and morality； the desire for wealth； the passion for enjoyment； and political disturbances。 All these data were embodied by you in a single proposition： THE UTILITY OF THE CELEBRATION OF SUNDAY AS REGARDS HYGIENE； MORALITY； AND SOCIAL AND POLITICAL RELATION_。
〃In a Christian tongue you asked； gentlemen； what was the true system of society。 A competitor＇1＇ dared to maintain； and believed that he had proved； that the institution of a day of rest at weekly intervals is inseparably bound up with a political system based on the equality of conditions； that without equality this institution is an anomaly and an impossibility： that equality alone can revive this ancient and mysterious keeping of the seventh day。 This argument did not meet with your approbation； since； without denying the relation pointed out by the competitor； you judged； and rightly gentlemen； that the principle of equality of conditions not being demonstrated； the ideas of the author were nothing more than hypotheses。
＇1＇ 〃The Utility of the Celebration of Sunday；〃 &c。 By P。 J。 Proudhon。 Besancon； 1839； 12mo； 2d edition； Paris； 1841； 18mo。
〃Finally； gentlemen； this fundamental principle of equality you presented for competition in the following terms： THE ECONOMICAL AND MORAL CONSEQUENCES IN FRANCE UP TO THE PRESENT TIME； AND THOSE WHICH SEEM LIKELY TO APPEAR IN FUTURE； OF THE LAW CONCERNING THE EQUAL DIVISION OF HEREDITARY PROPERTY BETWEEN THE CHILDREN。
〃Instead of confining one to common places without breadth or significance； it seems to me that your question should be developed as follows：
〃If the law has been able to render the right of heredity common to all the children of one father； can it not render it equal for all his grandchildren and great…grandchildren？
〃If the law no longer heeds the age of any member of the family； can it not； by the right of heredity； cease to heed it in the race； in the tribe； in the nation？
〃Can equality； by the right of succession； be preserved between citizens； as well as between cousins and brothers？ In a word； can the principle of succession become a principle of equality？
〃To sum up all these ideas in one inclusive question： What is the principle of heredity？ What are the foundations of inequality？ What is property？
〃Such； gentlemen； is the object of the memoir that I offer you to day。
〃If I have rightly grasped the object of your thought； if I succeed in bringing to light a truth which is indisputable； but； from causes which I am bold enough to claim to have explained； has always been misunderstood； if by an infallible method of investigation； I establish the dogma of equality of conditions； if I determine the principle of civil law； the essence of justice； and the form of society； if I annihilate property forever；to you； gentlemen； will redound all the glory； for it is to your aid and your inspiration that I owe it。
〃My purpose in this work is the application of method to the problems of philosophy； every other intention is foreign to and even abusive of it。
〃I have spoken lightly of jurisprudence： I had the right； but I should be unjust did I not distinguish between this pretended science and the men who practise it。 Devoted to studies both laborious and severe； entitled in all respects to the esteem of their fellow…citizens by their knowledge and eloquence our legists deserve but one reproach； that of an excessive deference to arbitrary laws。
〃I have been pitiless in my criticism of the economists： for them I confess that； in general； I have no liking。 The arrogance and the emptiness of their writings； their impertinent pride and their unwarranted blunders； have disgusted me。 Whoever； knowing them； pardons them； may read them。
〃I have severely blamed the learned Christian Church： it was my duty。 This blame results from the facts which I call attention to： why has the Church decreed concerning things which it does not understand？ The Church has erred in dogma and in morals； physics and mathematics testify against her。 It may be wrong for me to say it； but surely it is unfortunate for Christianity that it is true。 To restore religion； gentlemen； it is necessary to condemn the Church。
〃Perhaps you will regret； gentlemen； that； in giving all my attention to method and evidence； I have too much neglected form and style： in vain should I have tried to do better。 Literary hope and faith I have none。 The nineteenth century is； in my eyes； a genesic era； in which new principles are elaborated； but in