mentioned。
No further movement towards professing the catholic religion was made by the king or his brother for some time。 The tendencies of the latter becoming suspected； his actions were observed with vigilance； when it was noted； that although he attended service as usual with the king； he no longer received the sacrament。 It was also remarked the Duchess of York； whose custom it had been to communicate once a month； soon followed his example。 Her neglect of this duty was considered the more conspicuous as she had been bred a staunch protestant； and ever appeared zealous in her support of that religion。 Moreover； it was noted that； from the beginning of the year 1670； she was wont to defend the catholic faith from such errors as it had been charged withal。
These matters becoming subjects of conversation at court soon reached the ears of Bishop Morley； who had acted as her confessor since her twelfth year； confession being then much practised in the English Church。 Thereon he hastened to her； and spoke at length of the inferences which were drawn from her neglect of receiving the sacrament； in answer to which she pleaded business and ill…health as sufficient excuses。 But he； suspecting other causes； gave her advice； and requested she would send for him in case doubts arose in her mind concerning the faith she professed。 Being now free from all uncertainties； she readily promised compliance with his desire； and added； 〃No priest had ever taken the confidence to speak to her on those matters。〃
The fact that she no longer communicated becoming more noticed as time passed； the king spoke to his brother concerning the omission； when the duke told him she had become a catholic。 Hearing this； Charles requested him to keep her change of faith a secret； which was accordingly done； none being aware of the act but Father Hunt； a Franciscan friar； Lady Cranmer； one of her women of the bedchamber； and Mr。 Dupuy； servant to the duke。 In a paper she drew up relative to her adoption of the catholic religion； preserved in the fifth volume of the 〃Harleian Miscellany；〃 she professes being one of the greatest enemies that faith ever had。 She likewise declares no man or woman had said anything； or used the least persuasion to make her change her religion。 That had been effected； she adds； by a perusal of Dr。 Heylin's 〃History of the Reformation；〃 after which she spoke severally to Dr。 Sheldon； Archbishop of Canterbury and Dr。 Blandford； Bishop of Worcester； who told her 〃there were many things in the Roman Church which it was very much to be wished they had keptas confession； which was no doubt commanded by God； and praying for the dead； which was one of the ancient things in Christianitythat for their parts they did it daily； though they would not own to it。〃
The duchess pondered over what she had read and heard； and being a woman accustomed to judge for herself； and act upon her decisions； she； in the month of August； 1670 became a member of the Catholic Church； in which communion she died seven months later。 For fifteen months previous to her demise she had been suffering from a complication of diseases； with which the medical skill of that day was unable to cope； and these accumulating； in March； 1671； ended her days。 The 〃Stuart Papers〃 furnish an interesting account of her death。 Seeing the hour was at hand which would sever her from all earthly ties； she besought her husband not to leave her whilst life remained。 She likewise requested that in case Dr。 Blandford or any other of the bishops should come to visit her； he would tell them she had become a member of the Catholic Church； but if they insisted on seeing her she was satisfied to admit them； providing they would not distress her by arguments or controversy。
Soon after she had expressed these desires； Bishop Blandford arrived； and begged permission to see her； hearing which the duke went into the drawing…room； where his lordship waited； and delivered the message with which the duchess had charged him。 Thereon the bishop said； 〃he made no doubt but that she would do well since she was fully convinced； and had not changed out of any worldly end。〃 He then went into the room； and having made 〃a short Christian exhortation suitable to the condition she was in；〃 took his departure。 Presently the queen came and sat by the dying woman； with whom she had borne many wrongs in common； and later on； the Franciscan friar being admitted； the duchess 〃received all the last sacraments of the Catholick Church； and dyed with great devotion and resignation。〃
Though no mystery was now made concerning the faith in which she died； the duke； from motives of prudence； continued to preserve the secret of his having embraced the same religion。 He still publicly attended service on Sundays with the king； but continued to absent himself from communion。 At last； the Christmastide of the year 1672 being at hand； his majesty besought Lord Arundel and Sir Thomas （now Lord） Clifford to persuade the duke to take the sacrament with him； 〃and make him sensible of the prejudice it would do to both of them should he forbear so to do； by giving the world so much reason to believe he was a catholick。〃 To this request these honest gentlemen replied it would be difficult to move the duke to his majesty's desires； but even if they succeeded； it would fail to convince the world his royal highness was not a catholic。 With these answers Charles seemed satisfied； but again on Christmas Eve he urged Lord Clifford to advise the duke to publicly communicate on the morrow。 His royal highness； not being so unscrupulous as the king； refused compliance with his wishes。
The following Easter he likewise refrained from communicating。 Evelyn tells us that 〃a most crowded auditorie〃 had assembled in the Chapel Royal on this Sunday； possibly it had been drawn there to hear the eloquence of Dr。 Sparrow； Bishop of Exeterprobably to observe the movements of the king's brother。 〃I staied to see；〃 writes Evelyn； 〃whether； according to costome； the Duke of York received the communion with the king； but he did not； to the amazement of everybody。 This being the second year he had forborn and put it off； and within a day of the parliament sitting； who had lately made so severe an act against ye increase of poperie； gave exceeding griefe and scandal to the whole nation； that the heyre of it； and ye sonn of a martyr for ye Protestant religion； should apostatize。 What the consequence of this will be God only knows； and wise men dread。〃
That the nation might no longer remain in uncertainty concerning the change the duke was suspected to have made； a bill； commonly called the 〃Test Act；〃 was； at the instigation of Lord Shaftesbury； introduced into the House of Commons； on its reassembling。 In substance this set forth； that all persons holding office； or place of trust； or profit； should take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance in a public court； receive the sacrament according to the Church of England in some parish church on the Lord's Day； and deliver a certificate of having so received communion； signed by the respective ministers and church…wardens； and proved by two credible witnesses on oath。 After prolonged debates upon this singular bill； it was passed through both houses of parliament； and received a reluctant consent from the king。 ＇This act continued in force until the reign of George IV。＇
A great commotion followed the passing of this Act。 Immediately the Duke of York resigned his post of lord high admiral of England。 Suspicion now became certainty； he was truly a papist。 His enemies were elated with triumph； his friends dejected by regret。 Before public feeling had time to subside； it was thoroughly startled by the news that Lord Clifford； who was supposed to be a staunch protestant； had delivered up his staff of office as lord treasurer； and Lord Bellasis and Sir Thomas Strickland； papists both； 〃though otherwise men of quality and ability；〃 had relinquished their places at court。 The king was perplexed； the parliament divided into factions； the nation disturbed。 No man knew who might next proclaim himself a papist。 As days passed； excitement increased； for hundreds who held positions in the army； or under the crownmany of whom had fought for the king and his fatherby tendering their resignations； now proved themselves slaves of what a vigorous writer calls the 〃Romish yoke： such a thing；〃 he adds； 〃as cannot； but for want of a name to express it； be called a religion。〃
Public agitation steadily rose。 Evelyn tells us； 〃he dare not write all the strange talk of the town。〃 Distrust of the king； fear of his brother； hatred of popery and papists； filled men's minds and blinded their reason with prejudice。 That the city had seven years ago been destroyed by fire； in accordance with a scheme of the wicked Jesuits； was a belief which once more revived： the story of the gunpowder plot was again detailed。 Fearful suspicions sprang up and held possession of the vulgar mind； that the prosecutions suffered by protestants under Queen Mary might be repeated in the reign of the present monarch； or of his brother。 That heaven might defend the country from being overrun by popery； the House of Commons