《the origins of contemporary france-4》

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Archives Nationales; F。  7; 31167。  (Reports of Niv?se 28; year II。)

The women 〃denounce the butchers and pork sellers who pay no attention

to the maximum law; giving only the poorest meat to the poor。〃 Ibid。;

(Reports of Niv?se 6。) 〃It is frightful to see what the butchers give

the people。〃



'68' Mercier; 363。  〃The women struggled with all their might against

the men and contracted the habit of swearing。  The last on the row

knew how to worm themselves up to the head of it。〃 Buchez et Roux;

XXVIII。; 364。  (〃Journal de la Montague;〃 July 28; 1793。  〃One citizen

was killed on Sunday; July 21; one of the Gravilliers (club) in trying

to hold on to a six pound loaf of bread which he had just secured for

himself and family。  Another had a cut on his arm the same day in the

Rue Froid…Manteau。  A pregnant woman was wounded and her child died in

her womb。〃



'69' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。1410。  (Reports of August 6

and 7; 1793。)



'70' Dauban; 144。  (Reports of Vent?se 19。)



'71' Dauban; 199。  (Reports of Vent?se 19。) … Dauban; 〃La Demagogie en

1793;〃 p。  470。  〃Scarcely had the peasants arrived when harpies in

women's clothes attacked them and carried off their goods。。。。

Yesterday; a peasant was beaten for wanting to sell his food at the

'maximum' rate。〃 (October 19; 1793。) … Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794;〃 144;

173; 199。  (Reports of Vent?se 13; 17 and 19。) … Archives des Affaires

étrangères; vol。  1410。  (Reports of June 26 and 27; 1793。) Wagons and

boats are pillaged for candles and soap。



'72' Dauban; 45。  (Reports of Pluvi?se 17。) 222。  (Reports of Vent?se

23。) … 160。  (Reports of Vent?se 15。) … 340。  (Reports of Germinal

28。) … 87。  (Reports of Vent?se 5。)



'73' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 116。  (Order of Paganel; Castres;

Pluvi?se 6 and 7; year II。  〃The steps taken to obtain returns of food

have not fulfilled the object。  。  。  。  The statements made are

either false or inexact。〃) Cf。; for details; the correspondence of the

other representatives on mission。  … Dauban;〃 Paris en1794。〃 190。

(Speech by Fouquier…Tinville in the Convention; Vent?se 19。) 〃The

mayor of Pont St。  Maxence has dared to say that 'when Paris sends us

sugar we will then see about letting her have our eggs and butter。'〃



'74' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。  1411。  (Reports of August

7 and 8; 1793。) 〃Seven thousand five hundred pounds of bread; about to

be taken out; have been stopped at the barriers。〃 … Dauban; 45。

(Orders of the day。  Pluvi?se 17。) Lamps are set up at all the posts;

〃especially at la Greve and Passy; so as to light up the river and see

that no eatables pass outside。〃 … Mercier; I。; 355。  … Dauban; 181。

(Reports of Vent?se 18。) … 210。  (Reports of Vent?se 21。) … 190。

Speech by Fouquier; Vent?se 19。) 〃The butchers in Paris who cannot

sell above the maximum carry the meat they buy to the Sèvres butchers

and sell it at any price they please。  〃 … 257。  (Reports of Vent?se

27。) 〃You see; about ten o'clock in the evening; aristocrats and other

egoists coming to the dealers who supply Egalité's mansion (the Duke

of Orleans) and buy chickens and turkeys which they carefully conceal

under their overcoats。〃



'75' Dauban; 255。  (Orders of the day by Henriot; Vent?se 27。) 〃I have

to request my brethren in arms not to take any rations whatever。  This

little deprivation will silence the malevolent who seek every

opportunity to humble us。〃 … Ibid。;359。  〃On Floreal 29; between five

and six o'clock in the morning; a patrol of about fifteen men of the

Bonnet Rouge section; commanded by a sort of commissary; stop

subsistences on the Orleans road and take them to their section。〃



'76' Dauban; 341。  (Letter of the Commissioner on Subsistences;

Germinal 23。) 〃The supplies are stolen under the people's eyes; or

what they get is of inferior quality。〃 The commissioner is surprised

to find that; having provided so much; so little reaches the

consumers。



'77' Archives des Affaires étrangères; vol。1411。  (Reports of August

11…12 and 31; and Sept。  1; 1793。) … Archives Nationales; F。  7;

31167。) (Reports of Niv?se 7 and 12; year II。)



'78' Dauban; 〃Paris en 1794; 60; 68; 69; 71; 82; 93; 216; 231。  …

Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de Paris;〃 187; 190。  … Archives Nationales; F。  7;

31167。  (Report of Leharivel; Niv?se 7。) … The gunsmiths employed by

the government likewise state that they have for a long time had

nothing to eat but bread and cheese。



'79' Dauban; 231。  (Report of Perriére; Vent?se 24。) 〃Butter of which

they make a god。〃



'80' Ibid。; 68。  (Report of Vent?se 2。)



'81' Archives Nationales; F。7; 31167。  (Report of Niv?se 28。) … Dauban;

144。  (Report of Niv?se 14。)



'82' Dauban; 81。  (Report of Latour…Lamontagne; Vent?se 4。)



'83' Souvenirs et Journal d'un Bourgeois d'Evreux;〃 83。  〃Friday; June

15; 1794; a proclamation is made that all who have any provisions in

their houses; wheat; barley; rye; flour and even bread; must declare

them within twenty four hours under penalty of being regarded as an

enemy of the country and declared 'suspect;' put under arrest and

tried by the courts。〃 … Schmidt; 〃Tableaux de la Revolution

Fran?aise;〃 II。。  214。  A seizure is made at Passy of two pigs and

forty pounds of butter; six bushels of beans; etc。; in the domicile of

citizen Lucet who had laid in supplies for sixteen persons of his own

household。



'84' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。  Orders of the Committee of

Public Safety; Pluvi?se 23; referring to the law of Brumaire 25;

forbidding the extraction of more than fifteen pounds of bran from a

quintal of flour。  Order directing the removal of bolters from

bakeries and mills; he who keeps or conceals these on his property

〃shall be treated as 'suspect' and put under arrest until peace is

declared。〃 … Berryat Saint Prix; 357; 362。  At Toulouse; three persons

are condemned to death for monopoly。  At Montpelier; a baker; two

dealers and a merchant are guillotined for having invoiced; concealed

and kept a certain quantity of gingerbread cakes intended solely for

consumption by anti…revolutionaries。



'85' 〃Un Séjour en France;〃 (April 22; 1794)。



'86' Ludovic Sciout; IV。; 236。  (Proclamation of the representatives

on mission in Finisterre。) 〃Magistrates of the people tell all farmers

and owners of land that their crops belong to the nation and that they

are simply its depositaries。〃 Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 92。

(Orders by B?; representative in Cautal; Pluvi?se 8。) 〃Whereas; as all

citizens in a Republic form one family。  。  。  。  all those who refuse

to assist their brethren and neighbors under the specious pretext that

they have not sufficient supplies must be regarded as 'suspect '

citizens。〃



'87' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。  (Orders of the Committee of

Public Safety; Prairial 28。) The maximum price is fourteen francs the

quintal; after Messidor 30; it is not to be more than eleven francs。



'88' Ibid。; AF。; II。; 116 and 106; orders of Paganel; Castres;

Pluvi?se 6 and 7。  Orders of Dartigoyte; Floréal 23; 25; and 29。



'89' Ibid。; AF。; II。; 147。  (Orders of Maignet; Avignon; Prairial 2。)



'90' Moniteur; XXIII。; 397 (Speech by Dubois…Crancé; May 5; 1795。)

〃The Committee on Commerce (and Supplies) had thirty…five thousand

employees in its service。〃



'91' Archives Nationales; AF。; II。; 68。  (Orders of the Committee of

Public Safety; Prairial 28。) Decret of Messidor 8; year II。  〃All

kinds of grain and the hay of the present crop are required by the

government。〃 A new estimate is made; each farmer being obliged to

state the amount of his crop; verification; confiscation in case of

inaccurate declarations; and orders to thrash out the sheaves。  …

Dauban; 490。  (Letter of the national agent of Villefort; Thermidor

19。) Calculations and the reasoning of farmers with a view to avoid

sowing and planting: 〃Not so much on account of the lack of hands as

not to ruin oneself by sowing and raising an expensive crop which;

they say; affords them small returns when they sell their grain at so

low a price。〃 Archives Nationales; AF。; II。  106。  (Letter of the

national agent in Gers and Haute…Garonne; Floréal 25。) 〃They say here;

that as soon as the crop is gathered; all the grain will be taken

away; without leaving anything to live on。  It is stated that all salt

provisions are going to be taken and the agriculturists reduced to the

horrors of a famine。〃



'92' Moniteur; XXII。; 21。  (Speech by Lindet; September 7; 1794。) 〃We

have long feared that the ground would not be tilled; that the meadows

would be covered with cattle while the proprietors and farmers were

kept in prison。〃 Archives Nationales; D。; § I; No。  I。  (Letter from

the district of Bar…sur…Seine; Vent?se 14; year III。) 〃The 'maximum'

causes the concealment of grain。  The quit…claims ruined the consumers

and rendered them desperate。  How many wretches; indeed; have been
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