ed the chains of one schooner； whereupon this schooner and the Itasca swung back and grounded under fire of the forts。 The Pinola gallantly stood by； helping Itasca clear。 Then Caldwell； with splendid audacity and skill； steamed up through the narrow gap； turned round； put on the Itasca's utmost speed； and； with the current in his favor； charged full tilt against the chains that still held fast。 For one breathless moment the little Itasca seemed lost。 Her bows rose clear out； as； quivering from stem to stern； she was suddenly brought up short from top speed to nothing。 But； in another fateful minute； with a rending crash； the two nearest schooners gave way and swept back like a gate； while the Itasca herself shot clear and came down in triumph to the fleet。
The passage was made on the twenty…fourth； in line…ahead （that is； one after another） because Farragut found the opening narrower than he thought it should be for two columns abreast； at night； under fire； and against the spring current。 Owing to the configuration of the channel the starboard column had to weigh first； which gave the lead to the 500…ton gunboat Cayuga。 This was the one weak point； because the leading vessel； drawing most fire； should have been the strongest。 The fault was Farragut's； for his heart got the better of his head when it came to placing Captain Theodorus Bailey； his dauntless second…in…command； on board a vessel fit to lead the starboard column。 He could not bear to obscure any captain's chances of distinction by putting another captain over him。 So Bailey was sent to the best vessel commanded by a lieutenant。
The Cayuga's navigating officer； finding that the guns of the forts were all trained on midstream； edged in towards Fort St。 Philip。 His masts were shot to pieces； but his hull drew clear without great damage。 〃Then；〃 he says； 〃I looked back for some of our vessels； and my heart jumped up into my mouth when I found I could not see a single one。 I thought they must all have been sunk by the forts。〃 But not a ship had gone down。 The three big ones of the starboard columnPensacola； Mississippi； and Oneidaclosed with the fort （so that the gunners on both sides exchanged jeers of defiance） and kept up a furious fire till the lighter craft astern slipped past safely and joined the Cayuga above。
Meanwhile the Cayuga had been attacked by a mob of Mississippi steamers； six of which belonged to the original fourteen blessed with their precious independence by Secretary Benjamin； 〃backed by the whole Missouri Delegation。〃 So when the rest of the Federal light craft came up； 〃all sorts of things happened〃 in a general free fight。 There was no lack of Confederate courage； but an utter absence of concerted action and of the simplest kind of naval skill； except on the part of the two vessels commanded by ex…officers of the United States Navy。 The Federal light craft cut their way through their unorganized opponents as easily as a battalion of regulars could cut through a mob throwing stones。 But the only two Confederate naval officers got clear of the scrimmage and did all that skill could do with their makeshift little craft against the Federal fleet。 Kennon singled out the Varuna （the only one of Farragut's vessels that was not a real man…of…war）； raked her stern with the two guns of his own much inferior vessel； the Governor Moore； and rammed her into a sinking condition。 Warley flew at bigger game with his little ram； the Manassas； trying three of the large men…of…war； one after another； as they came upstream。 The Pensacola eluded him by a knowing turn of her helm that roused his warmest admiration。 The Mississippi caught the blow glancingly on her quarter and got off with little damage。 The Brooklyn was taken fair and square amidships； but； though her planking was crushed in； she sprang no serious leak and went on with the fight。 The wretched little Confederate engines had not been able to drive the ram home。
The Brooklyn was the flagship Hartford's next…astern and the Richmond's next…ahead； these three forming the main body of Farragut's own port column； which followed hard on the heels of the starboard one； so hard； indeed； that there were only twenty minutes between the first shot fired by the forts at the Cayuga and the first shot fired by the Hartford at the forts。 Besides the forts there was the Louisiana floating battery that helped to swell the storm of shot and shell； and down the river came a fire…raft gallantly towed by a tug。 The Hartford sheered off； over towards Fort St。 Philip； under whose guns she took ground by the head while the raft closed in and set her ablaze。 Instantly the hands on fire duty sprang to their work。 But the flames rushed in through the ports； and the men were forced a step back。 Farragut at once called out： 〃Don't flinch from the fire； boys。 There's a hotter fire than that for those who don't do their duty！〃 Whereupon they plied their hoses to such good effect that the fire was soon got under control。 Farragut calmly resumed his walk up and down the poop； while the gunners blew the gallant little tug to bits and smashed the raft in pieces。 Then he stood keenly watching the Hartford back clear； gather way； and take the lead upstream again。 Every now and then he looked at the pocket compass that hung from his watch chain； though； for the most part； he tried to scan a scene of action lit only by the flashes of the guns。 The air was dense and very still； so the smoke of guns and funnels hung like a pall over both the combatants while the desperate fight went on。
At last the fleet fought through and reached the clearer atmosphere above the forts； all but the last three gunboats； which were driven back by the fire。 Then Farragut immediately sent word to General Benjamin F。 Butler that the troops could be brought up by the bayous that ran parallel to the river out of range of the forts。 But the General； having taken in the situation at a glance from a transport just below the scene of action； had begun to collect his men at Sable Island； twelve miles behind Fort St。 Philip； long before Farragut's messenger could reach him by way of the Quarantine Bayou。 From Sable Island the troops were taken by the transports to a point on the Mississippi five miles above Fort St。 Philip。
After a well…earned rest the whole fleet moved up to New Orleans on the twenty…fifth； turning the city's lines five miles downstream without the loss of a man； for the simple reason that these had been built only to resist an army； and so lay with flanks entirely open to a fleet。 General Lovell （the able commander who had so often warned the Confederate Government of the danger from the sea） at once evacuated the defenseless city。 The best of the younger men were away with the armies。 The best of the older men were too few for the storm。 And so pandemonium broke loose。 Burning boats； blazing cotton； and a howling mob greeted Farragut's arrival。 But after the forts （now completely cut off from their base） had surrendered on the twenty…eighth a landing party from the fleet soon brought the mob to its senses by planting howitzers in the streets and lowering the Confederate colors over the city hall。 On the first of May a garrison of Federal troops took charge of New Orleans and kept it till the war was over。
New Orleans was a most pregnant Federal victory； for it established a Union base at the great strategic point where sea…power and land…power could meet most effectively in Mississippi waters。
But it was followed by a perfect anti…climax； for the Federal Government； having planned a naval concentration at Vicksburg； determined to put the plan in operation； though all the naval and military means concerned made such a plan impossible of execution in 1862。 Amphibious forcesfleets and armies combinedwere essential。 There was no use in parading up and down the river； however triumphantly； so long as the force employed could only hold the part of the channel within actual range of its guns。 The Confederates could be driven off the Mississippi at any given point。 But there was nothing to prevent them from coming back again when once the ships had passed。 An army to seize and hold strategic points ashore was absolutely indispensable。 Then； and only then； Farragut's long line of communication with his base at New Orleans would be safe； and the land in which the Mississippi was the principal highway could itself be conquered。
〃If the Mississippi expedition from Cairo shall not have descended the river； you will take advantage of the panic to push a strong force up the river to take all their defenses in rear。〃 These were the orders Farragut had to obey if he succeeded in taking New Orleans。 They were soon reinforced by this reminder： 〃The only anxiety we feel is to know if you have followed up your instructions and pushed a strong force up the river to meet the Western flotilla。〃 Farragut therefore felt bound to obey and do all that could be done to carry on a quite impossible campaign。 So； with a useless landing party of only fifteen hundred troops； he pushed up to Vicksburg； four hundred miles above New Orleans。 The nearest Federal army had been halted by the Confederate defenses above Memphis； another four hundred higher still。
There were