the North failed on the twenty…ninth of December。
The naval and river campaigns of '62 thus ended in disappointment for the Union。 And； on New Year's Day； Galveston； which Farragut had occupied in October without a fight and which was lightly garrisoned by three hundred soldiers； fell into Confederate hands under most exasperating circumstances。 After the captain and first lieutenant of the U。S。S。 Harriet Lane had been shot by the riflemen aboard two cotton…clad steamers the next officer tamely surrendered。 Commander Renshaw； who was in charge of the blockade； amply redeemed the honor of the Navy by refusing to surrender the Westfield； in spite of the odds against him； and by blowing her up instead。 But when he died at the post of duty the remaining Union vessels escaped； and the blockade was raised for a week。
After that Commodore H。H。 Bell； one of Farragut's best men； closed in with a grip which never let go。 Yet even Bell suffered a reverse when he sent the U。S。S。 Hatteras to overhaul a strange vessel that lured her off some fifteen miles and sank her in a thirteen…minute fight。 This stranger was the Alabama； then just beginning her famous or notorious career。 Nor were these the only Union troubles in the Gulf during the first three weeks of the new year。 Commander J。N。 Matt ran the Florida out of Mobile； right through the squadron that had been specially strengthened to deal with her； and the shore defenses of the Sabine Pass； like those of Galveston； fell into Confederate hands again； to remain there till the war was over。
In spite of all failures； however； Farragut still had the upper hand along the Gulf； and up the Mississippi as far as New Orleans； without which admirable base the River War of '69。 could never have prepared the way for Grant's magnificent victory in the River War of '63。
CHAPTER IV。 THE RIVER WAR： 1862
The military front stretched east and west across the border States from the Mississippi Valley to the sea。 This immense and fluctuating front； under its various and often changed commanders； was never a well coordinated whole。 The Alleghany Mountains divided the eastern or Virginian wing from the western or 〃River〃 wing。 Yet there was always more or less connection between these two main parts； and the fortunes of one naturally affected those of the other。 Most eyes； both at home and abroad； were fixed on the Virginian wing； where the Confederate capital stood little more than a hundred miles from Washington； where the greatest rival armies fought； and where decisive victory was bound to have the most momentous consequences。 But the River wing was hardly less important； for there the Union Government actually hoped to reach these three supreme objectives in this one campaign： the absolute possession of the border States； the undisputed right of way along the Mississippi from Cairo to the Gulf； and the triumphant invasion of the lower South in conjunction with the final conquest of Virginia。
We have seen already how the Union navy； aided by the army； won its way up the Mississippi from the Gulf to Baton Rouge； but failed to secure a single point beyond。 We shall now see how the Union army； aided by the navy； won its way down the Mississippi from Cairo to Memphis； and fairly attained the first objectivethe possession of the border States； but how it also failed from the north； as the others had failed from the south； to gain a footing on the crucial stretch between Vicksburg and Port Hudson。 One more year was required to win the Mississippi； two more to invade the lower South； three to conquer Virginia。
Just after the fall of Fort Sumter the Union Government had the foresight to warn James B。 Eads； the well…known builder of Mississippi jetties； that they would probably draw upon his 〃thorough knowledge of our Western rivers and the use of steam on them。〃 But it was not till August that they gave him the contract for the regular gunboat flotilla； and it was not till the following year that his vessels began their work。 In the meantime the armies were asking for all sorts of transport and protective craft。 So the first flotilla on Mississippi waters started under the War （not the Navy） Department； though manned under the executive orders of Commander John Rodgers； U。 S。 N。； who bought three river steamers at Cincinnati； lowered their engines； strengthened their frames； protected their decks； and changed them into gunboats。
The first phase of the clash in this land of navigable rivers had ended； as we have seen already； with the taking of Boonville on the Missouri by that staunch and daring Union regular； General Nathaniel Lyon； on June 17； 1861。 Boonville was a stunning blow to secession in those parts。 Confederate hopes； however； again rose high when the news of Bull Run came through。 At this time General John C。 Fremont was taking command of all the Union forces in the 〃Western Department；〃 which included Illinois and everything between the Mississippi and the Rockies。 Fremont's command； however； was short and full of trouble。 Round his headquarters at St。 Louis the Confederate colors were flaunted in his face。 His requisitions for arms and money were not met at Washington。 Union regiments marched in without proper equipment and with next to no supplies。 There were boards of inquiry on his contracts。 There were endless cross…purposes between him and Washington。 And early in November he was transferred to West Virginia just as he was about to attack with what seemed to him every prospect of success。 He had not succeeded。 But he had done good work in fortifying St。 Louis； in ordering gunboats； tugs； and mortar…boats； in producing some kind of system out of utter confusion；； in trusting good men like Lyon； and in sending the then unknown Ulysses Grant to take command at Cairo； the excellent strategic base where the Ohio joins the Mississippi。
The most determined fighting that took place during Fremont's command was brought on by Lyon； who attacked Ben McCulloch at Wilson's Creek； in southwest Missouri； on the tenth of August。 Though McCulloch had ten thousand； against not much over five； Lyon was so set on driving the Confederates away from such an important lead…bearing region that he risked an attack； hoping by surprise； skillful maneuvers； and the help of his regulars to shake the enemy's hold； even if he could not thoroughly defeat him。 Disheartened by his repeated failure to get reinforcements； and very anxious about the fate of his flanking column under Sigel； whose attack from the rear was defeated； he expressed his forebodings to his staff。 But the light of battle shone bright as ever in his eyes； he was killed leading a magnificent charge； and when； after his death； his little army drew off in good order； the Confederates； by their own account； 〃were glad to see him go。〃
On the twentieth of September the Confederates under Sterling Price won a barren victory by taking Lexington； Missouri； where Colonel James Mulligan made a gallant defense。 That was the last Confederate foothold on the Missouri； and it could not be maintained。
In October； Anderson； who had never recovered from the strain of defending Fort Sumter； turned over to Sherman the very troublesome Kentucky command。 Sherman pointed out to the visiting Secretary of War； Simon Cameron； that while McClellan had a hundred thousand men for a front of a hundred miles in Virginia； and Fremont had sixty thousand for about the same distance； he （Sherman） had been given only eighteen thousand to guard the link between them； although this link stretched out three hundred miles。 Sherman then asked for sixty thousand men at once； and said two hundred thousand would be needed later on。 〃Good God！〃 said Cameron； 〃where are they to come from？〃 Come they had to； as Sherman foresaw。 Cameron made trouble at Washington by calling Sherman's words 〃insane〃； and Sherman's 〃insanity〃 became a stumbling…block that took a long time to remove。
Grant； in command at Cairo； began his career as a general by cleverly forestalling the enemy at Paducah； where the Tennessee flows into the Ohio。 Then； on the seventh of November； he closed the first confused campaign on the Mississippi by attacking Belmont； Missouri； twenty miles downstream from Cairo； in order to prevent the Confederates at Columbus； Kentucky； right opposite； from sending reinforcements to Sterling Price in Arkansas。 There was a stiff fight； in which the Union gunboats did good work。 Grant handled his soldiers equally well； and the Union objective was fully attained。
Halleck； the Federal Commander…in…Chief for the river campaign of '62； fixed his headquarters at St。 Louis。 From this main base his right wing had rails as far as Rolla； whence the mail road went on southwest； straight across Missouri。 At Lebanon； near the middle of the State； General Samuel R。 Curtis was concentrating； before advancing still farther southwest against the Confederates whom he eventually fought at Pea Ridge。 From St。 Louis there was good river； rail； and road connection south to Halleck's center in the neighborhood of Cairo； where General Ulysses S。 Grant had his chief field base； at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio。 A little farther east Grant had another excellent position at Paducah； b