stant； to march all night and join me in the morning。 I swept the posts in rear of almost all their guards； hurrying them forward by forced marches； to be with me at daylight。〃 Banks； now on his way to Washington； halted in alarm at Harper's Ferry。 McClellan； perceiving that Jackson's little force was more than a mere corps of observation； approved Banks and added： 〃As soon as you are strong enough push Jackson hard and drive him well beyond Strasburg；〃 that is； west of the Massanuttons； where Fremont could close in and finish him。 Lincoln had already been thinking of transferring nine thousand men from McClellan to Fremont。 Kernstown decided it； so off they went to West Virginia。 Still fearing an attack on Washington； Lincoln halted McDowell's army corps； thirty…seven thousand strong； on the march overland to join McClellan on the Peninsula； and kept them stuck fast round Centreville； near Bull Run。 And so McClellan's Peninsular force was suddenly reduced by forty…six thousand men。
April was a month of maneuvers and suspense。 By the end of it McClellan； based on Fortress Monroe； had accumulated a hundred and ten thousand men。 The Confederates on the Peninsula； holding Yorktown； numbered fifty thousand。 McClellan sadly missed McDowell； whose corps was to have taken the fort at Gloucester Point that prevented the Federal gunboats from turning the enemy's lines at Yorktown。 McDowell moved south to Fredericksburg； leaving a small force near Manassas Junction to connect him with the garrison of Washington。 The Confederates could spare only twelve thousand men to watch him。 Meanwhile Banks occupied the Shenandoah Valley； having twenty thousand men at Harrisonburg and smaller forces at several points all round； from southwest to northeast； each designed to form part of the net that was soon to catch Jackson。 Beyond Banks stood Fremont's force in West Virginia； also ready to close in。 Jackson's complete grand total was less than that of Banks's own main body。 Yet； with one eye on Richmond； he lay in wait at Swift Run Gap； crouching for a tiger…spring at Banks。 Virginia was semicircled by superior forces。 But everywhere inside the semicircle the Confederate parts all formed one strategic whole； while the Federal parts outside did not。 Moreover； the South had already decided to call up every available man； thus forestalling the North by more than ten months on the vital issue of conscription。
In May the preliminary clash of arms began on the Peninsula。 The Confederates evacuated the Yorktown lines on the third。 On the fifth McClellan's advanced guard fought its way past Williamsburg。 On the seventh he began changing his base from Fortress Monroe to White House on the Pamunkey。 Here on the sixteenth he was within twenty miles of Richmond； while all the seaways behind him were safe in Union hands。 The fate not only of Richmond but of the whole South seemed trembling in the scales。 The Northern armies had cleared the Mississippi down to Memphis。 The Northern navy had taken New Orleans； the greatest Southern port。 And now the Northern hosts were striking at the Southern capital。 McClellan with double numbers from the east； McDowell with treble numbers from the north； and the Union navy； with more than fourfold strength on all the navigable waters； were closing in。 The Confederate Government had even decided to take the extreme step of evacuating Richmond； hoping to prolong the struggle elsewhere。 The official records had been packed。 Davis had made all arrangements for the flight of his family。 And from Drewry's Bluff； eight miles south of Richmond； the masts of the foremost Federal vessels could be seen coming up the James； where； on the eleventh； the Merrimac； having grounded； had been destroyed by her own commander。
But the General Assembly of Virginia； passionately seconded by the City Council； petitioned the Government to stand its ground 〃till not a stone was left upon another。〃 Every man in Richmond who could do a hand's turn and who was not already in arms marched out to complete the defenses of the James at Drewry's Bluff。 Senators； bankers； bondmen and free； merchants； laborers； and ministers of all religions； dug earthworks； hauled cannon； piled ammunition； or worked； wet to the waist； at the big boom that was to stop the ships and hold them under fire。 The Government had changed its mind。 Richmond was to be held to the last extremity。 And the Southern women were as willing as the men。
In the midst of all this turmoil Lee calmly reviewed the situation。 He saw that the Federal gunboats coming up the James were acting alone； as the disconnected vanguard of what should have been a joint advance； and that no army was yet moving to support them。 He knew McClellan and Banks and read them like a book。 He also knew Jackson； and decided to use him again in the Shenandoah Valley as a menace to Washington。 Writing to him on the sixteenth of May； the very day McClellan reached White House； only twenty miles from Richmond； he said： 〃Whatever movement you make against Banks； do it speedily； and； if successful； drive him back towards the Potomac； and create the impression； as far as possible； that you design threatening that line。〃 Moreover； out of his own scanty forces； he sent Jackson two excellent brigades。 Thus； while the great Federal civilians who knew nothing practical of war were all agog about Richmond； a single point at one end of the semicircle； the great Confederate strategist was forging a thunderbolt to relieve the pressure on it by striking the Federal center so as to threaten Washington。 The fundamental idea was a Fabian defensive at Richmond； a vigorous offensive in the Valley； to produce Federal dispersion between these points and Washington； then rapid concentration against McClellan on the Chickahominy。
The unsupported Federal gunboats were stopped and turned back at the boom near Drewry's Bluff。 McClellan； bent on besieging Richmond in due form； crawled cautiously about the intervening swamps of the oozy Chickahominy。 McDowell； who could not advance alone； remained at Fredericksburg。 Shields stood behind him； near Catlett's Station； to keep another eye on nervous Washington。
In the meantime Stonewall Jackson； still in the Shenandoah； had fought no battles since his tactical defeat at Kernstown on the twenty…third of March had proved such a pregnant strategic victory elsewhere。 But late in April he had a letter from Lee； telling of the general situation and suggesting an attack on Banks。 Banks； however； still had twenty thousand men at Harrisonburg； with twenty…five thousand more in or within call of the Valley。 Jackson's complete grand total was less than eighteen thousand。 The odds against him therefore exceeded five against two； and direct attack was out of the question。 But he now began his maneuvers anew and on a bolder scale than ever。 He had upset the Federal strategy at Kernstown； when there were less than eight thousand Confederates in the Valley。 What might he not do with ten thousand more？ His wonderful Valley Campaign； famous forever in the history of war； gives us the answer。
He had five advantages over Banks。 First； his own expert knowledge and genius for war； backed by a dauntless character。 Banks was a very able man who had worked his way up from factory hand to Speaker of the House of Representatives and Governor of Massachusetts。 But he had neither the knowledge； genius； nor character required for high command； and he owed his present position more to his ardor as a politician than to his ability as a general。 Jackson's second advantage was his own and his army's knowledge of the country for which they naturally fought with a loving zeal which no invaders could equal。 The third advantage was in having Turner Ashby's cavalry。 These were horsemen born and bred； who could make their way across country as easily as the 〃footy〃 Federals could along the road。 In answer to a peremptory order a Federal cavalry commander could only explain： 〃I can't catch them。 They leap fences and walls like deer。 Neither our men nor our horses are so trained。〃 The fourth advantage was in discipline。 Jackson habitually spared his men more than his officers； and his officers more than himself； whenever indulgence was possible。 But when discipline had to be sternly maintained he； maintained it sternly； throughout all ranks； knowing that the flower of discipline is selfsacrifice； from the senior general down； and that the root is due subordination； from the junior private up。 After the Conscription Act had come into force a few companies； who were time…expired as volunteers； threw down their arms and told their colonel they wouldn't serve another day。 On hearing this officially Jackson asked： 〃Why does Colonel Grigsby refer to me to learn how to deal with mutineers？ He should shoot them where they stand。〃 The rest of the regiment was then paraded with loaded arms； facing the mutineers； who were given the choice of complete submission or instant death。 They chose submission。 That was the last mutiny under Stonewall Jackson。 Both sides suffered from straggling； the Confederates as much as the Federals。 But Confederate stragglers rejoined the better of the two； and in downright desertion the Federals were the worse； simply be