onger than both。
Grant's lines； facing both opponents； from Haynes's Bluff to Warrenton； were fifteen miles long； which gave him one man per foot when his full strength was reached Pemberton's were only seven； and his position was strong。 both towards the river； where the bluffs rose two hundred feet； and on the landward side； where the slopes were sharp and well fortified。 Grant closed in； however； and pressed the bombardment home。 Except for six 32… pounders and a battery of big naval guns he had nothing but field artillery。 Yet the abundance of ammunition； the closeness of the range； and the support of his many excellent snipers； soon gave him the upper hand。 Six hundred yards was the farthest the lines were apart。 In some places they nearly touched。
All ranks worked hard； especially at engineering； in which there was such a dearth of officers that Grant ordered every West Pointer to do his turn with the sappers and miners as well as his other duty。 This brought forth a respectful protest from the enormously fat Chief Commissary； who said he could only be used as a saproller （the big roller sappers shove protectingly before them when snipers get their range）。 The real sap…rollers came to grief when an ingenious Confederate stuffed port…fires with turpentined cotton and shot them into rollers only a few yards off。 But after this the Federals kept their rollers wet； and sapped and burrowed till the big mine was fully charged and safe from the Confederate countermine； which had missed its mark。
While trying to blow each other up the men on both sides exchanged amenities and chaff like the best of friends。 Each side sold its papers to the other； and the wall…paper newsprint of Vicksburg made a good war souvenir for both。 There was a steady demand for Federal bread and Confederate tobacco。 When market time was over the Confederates would heave down hand…grenades； which agile Federals； good at baseball； would heave uphill again before they exploded。 And woe to the man whose head appeared out of hours； for snipers were always on the watch； especially that prince of snipers； Lieutenant H。C。 Foster； renowned as 〃Coonskin〃 from the cap he wore。 A wonderful stalker and dead shot he was a terror to exposed Confederates at all times； but more particularly towards the end； when （their front artillery having been silenced by Grant's guns） Coonskin built a log tower； armored with railway iron； from which he picked off men who were safe from ordinary fire。
On the twenty…first of June Pemberton planned an escape across the Mississippi and built some rough boats。 But Grant heard of this； the flotilla grew more watchful still； and before any attempt at escape could be made the great mine was fired on the twenty…fifth。 The whole top of the hill was blown off； and with it some men who came down alive on the Federal side。 Among these was an unwounded but terrified colored man； who； on being asked how high he had gone； said； 〃Dunno； Massa； but t'ink 'bout t'ree mile。〃 An immense crater was formed。 But there was no practicable breach； so the assault was deferred。 A second mine was exploded on the first of July。 But again there was no assault； for Grant had decided to wait till several huge mines could be exploded simultaneously。 In the meantime an intercepted dispatch warned him that Johnston would try to help Pemberton to cut his way out。 But by the time the second mine was exploded Pemberton was sounding his generals about the chances of getting their own thirty thousand to join Johnston's thirty thousand against Grant's seventyfive thousand。 The generals said No。 Negotiations then began。
On the third of July Grant met Pemberton under the 〃Vicksburg Oak；〃 which； though quite a small tree； furnished souvenir…hunters with many cords of sacred wood in after years。 Grant very wisely allowed surrender on parole； which somewhat depleted Confederate ranks in the future by the number of men who； returning to their homes； afterwards refused to come back when the exchange of prisoners would have permitted them to do so。
That was a great week of Federal victorythe week including the third； fourth； and eighth of July。 On the third Lee was defeated at Gettysburg。 On the now doubly 〃Glorious Fourth〃 Vicksburg surrendered and the last Confederate attack was repulsed at Helena in Arkansas。 On the eighth Port Hudson surrendered。 With this the whole Mississippi fell into Federal hands for good。 On the first of August Farragut left New Orleans for New York in the battle…scarred Hartford after turning over the Mississippi command to Porter's separate care。
Meanwhile the Confederates in Tennessee； weakened by reinforcing Johnston against Grant； had been obliged to retire on Chattanooga。 To cover this retirement and make what diversion he could； Bragg sent John H。 Morgan with twenty…five hundred cavalry to raid Kentucky； Indiana； and Ohio。 Perplexing the outnumbering Federals by his daring； 〃Our Jack Morgan〃 crossed the Ohio at Brandenburg； rode northeast through Indiana； wheeled south at Hamilton； Ohio； rode through the suburbs of Cincinnati； reached Buffington Island on the border of West Virginia； and then； hotly pursued by ever…increasing forces； made northeast toward Pennsylvania。 On the twenty…sixth of July he surrendered near New Lisbon with less than four hundred men left。
The Confederate main body passed the summer vainly trying to stem the advance of the Army of the Cumberland； with which Rosecrans and Thomas skillfully maneuvered Bragg farther and farther south till they had forced him into and out of Chattanooga。 In the meantime Burnside's Army of the Ohio cleared eastern Tennessee and settled down in Knoxville。
But in the middle of September Longstreet came to Bragg's rescue； and a desperate battle was fought at Chickamauga on the nineteenth and twentieth。 The Confederates had seventy thousand men against fifty…six thousand Federals： odds of five to four。 They were determined to win at any price； and it cost them eighteen thousand men； killed； wounded； and missing； which was two thousand more than the Federals lost。 But they felt it was now or never as they turned to bay with； for once； superior numbers。 As usual； too； they coveted Federal supplies。 〃Come on； boys； and charge！〃 yelled an encouraging sergeant； 〃they have cheese in their haversacks！〃 Yet the pride of the soldier stood higher than hunger。 General D。H。 Hill stooped to cheer a very badly wounded man。 〃What's your regiment？〃 asked Hill。 〃Fifth Confederate； New Orleans； and a damned good regiment it is；〃 came the ready answer。
Rosecrans； like many another man who succeeds halfway up； failed at the top。 He ordered an immediate general retreat which would have changed the hard…won Confederate victory into a Federal rout。 But Thomas； with admirable judgment and iron nerve； stood fast till he had shielded all the others clear。 From this time on both armies knew him as the 〃Rock of Chickamauga。〃
The unexpected defeat of Chickamauga roused Washington to immediate； and this time most sensible； action。 Grant was given supreme command over the whole strategic area。 Thomas superseded Rosecrans。 Sherman came down with the Army of the Tennessee。 And Hooker railed through from Virginia with two good veteran corps。 Meanwhile the Richmond Government was more foolish than the Washington was wise； for it let Davis mismanage the strategy without any reference to Lee。 Bragg also made a capital mistake by sending Longstreet off to Knoxville with more than a third of his command just before Grant's final advance。 The result was that Bragg found himself with only thirty thousand men at Chattanooga when Grant closed in with sixty thousand； and that Longstreet was useless at Knoxville； which was entirely dependent on Chattanooga。 Whoever won decisively at Chattanooga could have Knoxville too。 Davis； as the highest authority； and Bragg； as the most responsible subordinate； ensured their own defeat。
Chattanooga was the key to the whole strategic area of the upper Tennessee； for it was the best road； rail； and river junction between the lower Mississippi and the Atlantic ports of the South。 It had been held for some time by a Federal garrison which had made it fairly strong。 But toward the end of October it was short of supplies； and Hooker had to fight Longstreet at Wauhatchie in the Lookout Valley before it could be revictualed。 When Hooker； Thomas； and Sherman were there together under Grant in November it was of course perfectly safe； and the problem changed from defense to attack。 The question was how to drive Bragg from his commanding positions on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain。 The woods and hills offered concealment to the attack in some places。 But Lookout Mountain was a splendid observation post； twenty…two hundred feet high and crested with columns of rock。 The Ridge was three miles east； the Mountain three miles south； of Cameron Hill； which stood just west of Chattanooga； commanding the bridge of boats that crossed the Tennessee。
The battle； fought with great determination on both sides； lasted three daysthe twenty…third； twenty…fourth； and twenty…fifth of November。 Sherman made the flank attack on Missionary Ridge from the north and Thomas the frontal attack from the west。