purpose，we may employ
the bined techniques of parison and contrast．In writing the essay，you should always bear two
important decisions in mind：①Whether you are to do a parison，a contrast，or a mixture，or②Whether you
are to use an item…to…item（逐事比较）or point…to…point（逐点比较）method of development（both have been explained and illustrated in Unit14）
Model Essay 24…1
Shanghai and New York are two of the biggest cities in the world．They are different in some ways，but they are similar in some other
ways．
Shanghai is one of the most densely populated cities in Asia，and New York is one of the most
densely populated cities in North America．The population of Shanghai is homogenous，but thepopulation of New York is
heterogeneous．The people in
Shanghai speak Chinese；the people in New York speak English instead．The cost of living in Shanghai is
generally low in parison with that in New York．While the people in Shanghai take buses or ride bikes to go to work，the people in New York drive cars
or take subways to get to work．The people in Shanghai use fans to keep cool，where as the people in New York use
air…conditioning．
Both Shanghai and New York are cities of great wealth and poverty．In both cities，there is a great deal of beauty and
a great deal of ugliness．Many people in Shanghai are as kind and helpful as those in New York．Conversely，some people in Shanghai are as
dangerous as those in New York．In both cities，there are people who work all day and people who work all night．Both cities are never asleep．
To some visitors，both Shanghai and New York are a paradise and a jungle．
24．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
From the above point…to…point essay，we can see that the similarities and differences of Shanghai and New
York are as follows：
①Differences：
a．population（homogeneous S
（heterogeneous NY
b．language （Chinese S
（English NY
C．cost of
living（low S
（high NY
d．transportation（buses and bikes S
（cars and subways NY
e．cooling
appliances（fans S
（air…conditioning NY
②Similarities：
a．both are most
densely populated
b．both are
cities of great wealth and poverty
c．both are
beautiful and ugly
d．both have
kind and helpful people and dangerous people
e．both are
never asleep
通过以上比较和对照法的结合使用，作者巧妙地将与主题有关的五个异同点联系在一起，交替进行逐点比较、对照，这使得读者从始至终能够把握比较与对照的线索。而且，作者又在比较与对照的结构上灵活地安排了次序，使对比既鲜明突出，又富有变化；作者还通过不同的连接手段，如并列连词“and，both，as…as”，与转折连词“but，instead，while，whereas，in parision with”等，使得比较与对照自然流畅，前后连贯。
Writing Assignment for
Unit 24
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay about the similarities and differences
between Tom and Jack by using the outline given below．Don't forget to use some of the
parative and Contrastive words or phrases given in Unit 35．
Tom and Jack are twin brothers．They are similar in some ways；but the ways they spend their own freetime，make decisions and deal with
problems are very different．
Similarities：1）appearance
2）eating habits
3）study
Differences：1）ways of
spending free time
2）ways of
making decisions
3）ways of
dealing with problems
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第二十五单元 如何用定义与分类法推展篇章
25．1 Definition and Classification（定义与分类）
A writer often employs more than one method of development in an
essay．In order to
make it easier or clearer for the reader，the author may，for instance，decide to classify objects，events or terms by retaining a few classes rather than many specific
items．Additionally，he may need to define the lables he
uses in classifying the subject，especially if the lables are not widely known or are abstract．
在进行定义或分类写作时需注意：1）在进行诠释（定义）时，一定要具体、确切；2）分类时要周密，标准必须对应划一，不能交错重叠。
Model Essay 25…1
Nowadays，more and more people have books in their homes，but few of them really ‘own’the books．In Professor Adler's opinion，there are three kinds of book owners．The first kind of owners have all the standard sets and
best…sellers…books that are sold in very large numbers—unread，untouched．（These owner sown only wood pulp
and ink，not books．）
Another kind of book owners have a great many books—a few of them read through，most of them dipped into，that is，most ofthe books are only read or
studied for a short time or without much attention；but all of them as clean and shiny
as the day they were bought．（These persons would probably like to make books their own，but are restrained by a false
respect for their physical appearance．）
The final kind of book owners，however，have a few books or many，every one of them do geared（having the corners of the pages bent down with use，like a dog's ears） and dilapidated（broken and old，falling to pieces），shaken and loosened by continual
use，marked and
scribbled in from front to back．（These men really own books．）
Do you agree with Pr of．Adler？
25．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
In the above model essay，according to the writer，book owners can be divided into three kinds．They are as follows：
1）Owners with
all standard sets and best…sellers—unread，untouched；
2）Owners with a
great many books，a few of them
read through，most off them
dipped into；
3）Owners with a
few books or many，every one of
them do geared，dilapidated，shaken and loosened…
根据范例所示，我们得知作者将有书的人划为三类，其分类根据是划一的，分出的三类book owners互相排除，没有重叠。作者还通过使用“the first kind…another kind…the final kind…”等这些转换词语，有机地围绕主题“There are three kinds of book owners”，介绍了三种不同类型的“owners”。此外，作者还将一些读者不知或概念不清的词、词组，如“bestsellers”，“dipped into”，“do geared”，“dilapidated”等下了定义，这便达到了使读者完全领会其意的目的。
Writing Assignment for
Unit 25
Directions：Write a 3…paragraph essay according to the given information below
about “Kinds of
Library Materials Found in Most Good Libraries”by using the techniques taught in this unit．Do remember to define some of the
unknown words．
1）books（on all subjects，in different languages，organized in the card catalog，which can be checked out and
borrowed for a month）
2）reference
works（including
encyclopedias，dictionaries，bibliographies，atlases，which can only be used in the
library itself）
3）periodcals（including magazines，newspapers，pamphlets，which cannot be removed from the
library）
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第二十六单元 如何用过程分析法推展篇章
26．1 Process（过程法）
Process descripton is similar to the procedures followed in
conducting a scientific experiment．It describes definite steps in a logical order．
In this unit，you will be asked to write a process essay—one that explains clearly how to do
or make something．
In almost all the essays we have discussed，the topic sentence has appeared at
or near the beginning of the first paragraph．In a well constructed process description，the topic sentence establishes the
context of the process developed in succceeding sentences and paragraphs．Notice that in the following model
essay the process of making a plaint is divided into three major steps．
Model Essay 26…1
How to Make a plaint
Have you ever experienced the unpleasant situations of being a
victimized consumer？I think most of you have．In self…defense，I have developed the following consumer's guide to plaining
effectively．
The first step is getting organized．I save all sales slips and original boxes so that whenever I
plain， I would know
the dateof the purchase，the correct price，and the place where the item was purchased．Then I pose my letter of
plaint．The next step
is to send the plaint to the person who will get results quickly．Usually，I write directly to the president
of a pany and I always get prompt action．Finally，if I get no response to a written plaint within ten days，I follow through with a personal
telephone call．
Therefore，my advice to you is to keep accurate records，and when you have to plain，go right to the top．It has always worked for me．
26．2 Analysis of the Model Essay（范文分析）
A more visual representation of the model essay process development
would be like this：
1）Topic introducer：I have developed the following consumer's guide to plaining
effectively．
2）Process steps：a．Keep accurate
records
b．When
plaining，go ri