实用英语写作技巧- 第2部分

这个句子太具体以至于无东西可写，无法展开段落。

Example　5：　In　Hemingway's　story　“Soldier’s　Home”，　Kreb　is　a
lonely，　cynical
veteran．

这个句子可作为主题句，因为可以围绕“lonely，cynical”展开段落。

Example　6：　Let　me　tell　you　something　about　overpopulation．

这个句子太笼统，作为一个段落的主题太大，难于驾驭。

Example　7：　Why　has　the　world　population　been　increasing　sorapidly　in　the　last
decades？

这个句子是个较好的主题句，作者用“the　reasons　for
overpopulation　in　the　last　decades”，从“原因”（cause）和“时间”（time）两方面限制了主题，能在一个段落内论述。

Exercise　3…1

Directions：　Identify　the　areas　which　limit　the　topic　sentences．

3．1．1　Soccer　has　bee　increasingly
popular　in　the　U．　S．　in　the　last　ten　years．

Topic：_____________

Limitations：________________________________________________

3．1．2　Pollution　has　caused　three　major
problems　in　the　last　decades．

Topic：______________

Limitations：________________________________________________

3．1．3There　are　two　kinds　of　memory：　short…term　and　long…term．

Topic：____________

Limitations：________________________________________________

3．1．4　Women　are　playing　an　increasingly
important　part　in　society　today．

Topic：____________

Limitations：________________________________________________

3．1．5　Women　are　paid　less　for　equal
work　than　men　in　some　panies．

Topic：____________

Limitations：________________________________________________

Exercise　3…2

Directions：　Write　two　topic　sentences　for　each　of　the　topics，limiting　the　topic　in　different
ways．

3．　2．　1　Topic：　the　study　of　English

Topic　Sentence　1：__________________________________________

Topic　Sentence　2：___________________________________________

3．2．2　Topic：　college　students　today

Topic　Sentence　1：__________________________________________

Topic　Sentence　2：__________________________________________

3．2．3　Topic：　women　in　China

Topic　Sentence　1：__________________________________________

Topic　Sentence　2：__________________________________________

3．2．4　Topic：crime

Topic　Sentence　1：__________________________________________

Topic　Sentence　2：__________________________________________

　

Exercise　3…3

Directions：　Read　the　following　paragraphs　and　supply　the　missing　topic　sentence．

　

（1）

　

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Iceland’s　flag，　for　instance，　stands　for　features　of　the　land．Red　for　the　fire　of　Iceland’s　volcanoes．　White　is　for　ice．　Blue　is　for　the　mountains．　On　India’s　flag，　the　blue　wheel　stands　for　peace
and　progress．　The　white
stripe　behind　it　is　for　truth．　The　black　stripe　on　the　flag　of　Malawi　stands　for　the　Negro　people
of　that　African　land．　The　red　stripe　represents　the　blood　they　shed　to　free　themselves
from　foreign　rule．

　

（2）

　

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The　one　most　people　are　familiar　with　is　the“desk　dictionary”，sometimes　refered　to　as
general…purpose　dictionary．　Another　kind　is　the　pronouncing　dictionary，　which　is　concerned　with　a　word's
pronunciation　more　than　with　its　meaning．　A　third　type　is　the　bilingual　dictionary，　which　lists　the　words　in　one
language　and　attempts　to　give　equivalent　meaning　in　another　language．　Other　types　include　technical
dictionaries，　special
purpose　dictionaries，and　scholarly　dictionaries．




　








第四单元　如何写推展句

　

4．1段落的推展

在前几单元中，我们谈到写段落的第一个步骤是写主题句。作者要对主题句在某些方面加以限制。第二个步骤将是写推展句。例如你要陈述你选择某院校的理由，第一步，写出主题句：

There　are　two　main　reasons　why　I　have　decided　to　attend　Bingston
University　next　year．

第二步，以数个理由推展你的主题：

示范段落4…1

①　There　are　two　main　reasons　why　I
have　decided　to　attend　Bingston　University　next　year．②　First　of　all，　there　is　the　question　of　money：Bingstonv's　tuition　is　reasonable
and　I　don’t　even　have　to
pay　it　all　at　once．③　This　is　very　important，　since　my　father　is　not　a　rich　man．④　With　Bingston's　“deferred　payment　plan，”　my　father　will　be　able　to　pay　my　tuition　without　too　much
difficulty．⑤The　second
resaon　is　the　fine　education　which　I　feed　will　receive　there　in　agriculture，　my　chosen　field．⑥　It　is　a　well…known　fact　that
Bingston　hires　only　the　finest　professors　in　its　Agriculture　Department．⑦　Moreover，　the　university　reqires　all
agricultural　students　to　get　practical　experience　by　working　on　farms　in　the
areawhile　they　are　still　going　to　school．

4．2示范段落分析

细节：　two　main　reasons：

理由　1—financial　consideration②

a．　reasonable
tuition③

b．　deferred
payment　plan④

理由　2—quality　of　education⑤

a．　fine
teachers③

b．　practical
experience⑦

在两个主要理由之下，作者用更小的细节支持它们。

由此可见，段落的推展依赖于支持主题句的细节（details）。推展段落的方法很多。通常每个段落以一种方法为“支配方法”（　the
dominant　method），必要时，可运用其它一种或数种方法作为“辅助方法”（　the　supporting　method）。上面的示范段落使用因果法（cause…and…effect）作为支配方法，分类法（division　and　classification）作为辅助方法。作者还运用了“重要性排列顺序”（the　order　of　importance）作为安排细节、组织段落的手段。我们将在以下各单元逐个讨论这些方法。

Exercise4…1

Directions：　Read　the　following　paragraphs　and　find　out　what　details　the　authors
use　to　support　their　topic　sentences．

　

（1）

　

Warm　water　freezes　more　quickly　than　cold．　Sir　Francis　Bacon　stated　that
almost　four　hundred　years　ago．　But　few　people　believedhim—till　1970．　In　that　year，　Canadian　scientist　George　Kell　proved　the　English　scholar　right．　Dr．　Kell　filled　an　open　pail　with　cold　water．　He　filled　another　with　warm　water．　He　exposed　both　to　the　same　low
temperature．　The　warm
water　froze　first．

Topic　Sentence：____________________________________________

Details：1．________________________________________________

2．________________________________________________

　

（2）

　

There　is　a　relationship　between　your　blood　type　and　your　nationality．　Among　Europeans　and　people　of
European　ancestry，about　42
percent　have　type　A　while　45　percent　have　type　O．The　rarest　is　type　B．　Other　races　have　different　percentages．For　example，　some　American　Indian　groups　have
nearly　100　percent　type　O．

Topic　Sentence：____________________________________________

Details：1．________________________________________________

2．________________________________________________

　

（3）

　

Although　thousands　of　people　have　been　killed　by　sudden　eruptions，　volcanoes　also　benefit　man，　Tin，　tungsten，　gold　and　other　metals　have　been　brought　closer　to　the　earth’s　surface．Chemicals　in　the　ash　have　enriched
farmland．　When　solid，　lava　is　agood　building　material．　And　in　Italy，　steam　from　active　volcanoes
supplies　heat　and　power　to　surrounding　areas．

Topic　Sentence：____________________________________________

Details：1．_______________________________________________

2．_______________________________________________

3．_______________________________________________

4．_______________________________________________

　

（4）

　

The　Women’s　Movement　has　had　several　effects　on　the　English　language．　It　has　created　Ms，　a　title　for　women　parable　to
the　title　Mr．　for　men．　The　creator　of　the　new　title
objected　to　the　title　Miss　and　Mrs．　once　given　to　women　because　these　titles　violated　a　woman's　privacy
by　indicating　her　marital　status．　The　use　of　Ms．now　permits　women　to　enjoy　the　same　privacy　that　men　have　enjoyed
with　the　use　of　Mr．　Second，　the　Movement　has　changed　the　ending　of　many　pound　words　from…man
to…person．For　instance，　the　word　“chairman”　has　been　replaced　in　many
organization　with　the　word　“chairperson”，　and　the　word“salesman”has　bee　salesperson．　Feminists　insist　that　the　substitution　of…person　for…man　makes　the
position　more　suitable　for　members　of　either　sex．　Third，　the　Movement
is　responsible　for　new　terms．One　example　is　male　chauvinist　pig，　a　term　applied　to　a　man　who　refuses　to　recognize　the　equality　of
women．　Another　example
is　female　chauvinist　sow，　a　phrase　used　to　describe　a　female　who　believes　that　she　is
superior　to　males．　The　most
profound　effect　the　Movementhas　had　on　the　language　is　on　the　third　person
singular　pronoun．Thirty　years
ago　most　English　instructors　forced　their　students　to　se　he，　him，　and　his　for　the　third　person　singular　when　the　sex　of　the　person
was　not　known．　Thus，　students　were　taught　to　say，“Everyone　has　his　books”．Today　many　English　teachers　permit
students　to　follow　the　feminist　lead　and　use　the　masculine　and　feminine
pronouns　together．　Therefore，　constructions　such　as　his　or　her
books　are　mon．　Although　the
Women's　Movement　may　not　have　yet　achieved　all　of　its　goals，　it　has　made　a　mark　on　the　English
language．

Topic　Sentence：___________________________________________

Details：1．____________________________________________