being¡¡also¡¡killed¡£¡¨*£§2£§¡¡¡¡The¡¡remaining¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bridge¡¡continued
for¡¡some¡¡time¡¡unrepaired£»¡¡just¡¡space¡¡enough¡¡being¡¡left¡¡for¡¡a¡¡single
carriage¡¡to¡¡pass¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡road¡¡trustees¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡helpless£»¡¡and¡¡did
nothing£»¡¡a¡¡local¡¡subscription¡¡was¡¡tried¡¡and¡¡failed£»¡¡the¡¡district
passed¡¡through¡¡being¡¡very¡¡poor£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡the¡¡road¡¡was¡¡absolutely
required¡¡for¡¡more¡¡than¡¡merely¡¡local¡¡purposes£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡eventually
determined¡¡to¡¡undertake¡¡its¡¡reconstruction¡¡as¡¡a¡¡work¡¡of¡¡national
importance£»¡¡and¡¡50£»000L¡£¡¡was¡¡granted¡¡by¡¡Parliament¡¡with¡¡this
object£»¡¡under¡¡the¡¡provisions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Act¡¡passed¡¡in¡¡1816¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡works
were¡¡placed¡¡under¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Telford's¡¡charge£»¡¡and¡¡an¡¡admirable¡¡road¡¡was
very¡¡shortly¡¡under¡¡construction¡¡between¡¡Carlisle¡¡and¡¡Glasgow¡£
That¡¡part¡¡of¡¡it¡¡between¡¡Hamilton¡¡and¡¡Glasgow£»¡¡eleven¡¡miles¡¡in¡¡length£»
was¡¡however¡¡left¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡local¡¡trustees£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡the
diversion¡¡of¡¡thirteen¡¡miles¡¡at¡¡the¡¡boundary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡counties¡¡of
Lanark¡¡and¡¡Dumfries£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡a¡¡previous¡¡Act¡¡had¡¡been¡¡obtained¡£
The¡¡length¡¡of¡¡new¡¡line¡¡constructed¡¡by¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Telford¡¡was¡¡sixty¡nine
miles£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡the¡¡finest¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡road¡¡which¡¡up¡¡to
that¡¡time¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡£
His¡¡ordinary¡¡method¡¡of¡¡road¡making¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Highlands¡¡was£»¡¡first¡¡to
level¡¡and¡¡drain£»¡¡then£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡a¡¡solid¡¡pavement¡¡of
large¡¡stones£»¡¡the¡¡round¡¡or¡¡broad¡¡end¡¡downwards£»¡¡as¡¡close¡¡as¡¡they
could¡¡be¡¡set¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡points¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡were¡¡then¡¡broken¡¡off£»¡¡and¡¡a
layer¡¡of¡¡stones¡¡broken¡¡to¡¡about¡¡the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡walnuts£»¡¡was¡¡laid¡¡upon
them£»¡¡and¡¡over¡¡all¡¡a¡¡little¡¡gravel¡¡if¡¡at¡¡hand¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡road¡¡thus¡¡formed
soon¡¡became¡¡bound¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡ordinary¡¡purposes¡¡was¡¡very
durable¡£
But¡¡where¡¡the¡¡traffic£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Carlisle¡¡and¡¡Glasgow
road£»¡¡was¡¡expected¡¡to¡¡be¡¡very¡¡heavy£»¡¡Telford¡¡took¡¡much¡¡greater
pains¡£¡¡¡¡Here¡¡he¡¡paid¡¡especial¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡two¡¡points£º¡¡first£»¡¡to¡¡lay
it¡¡out¡¡as¡¡nearly¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡level£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡reduce¡¡the
draught¡¡to¡¡horses¡¡dragging¡¡heavy¡¡vehicles£»one¡¡in¡¡thirty¡¡being
about¡¡the¡¡severest¡¡gradient¡¡at¡¡any¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡road¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡next¡¡point
was¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡working£»¡¡or¡¡middle¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡road£»¡¡as¡¡firm¡¡and
substantial¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡bear£»¡¡without¡¡shrinking£»¡¡the
heaviest¡¡weight¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡over¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡With¡¡this¡¡object¡¡he
specified¡¡that¡¡the¡¡metal¡¡bed¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡formed¡¡in¡¡two¡¡layers£»¡¡rising
about¡¡four¡¡inches¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡course¡¡being¡¡of
stones¡¡£¨whinstone£»¡¡limestone£»¡¡or¡¡hard¡¡freestone£©£»¡¡seven¡¡inches¡¡in
depth¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡carefully¡¡set¡¡by¡¡hand£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡broadest
ends¡¡downwards£»¡¡all¡¡crossbonded¡¡or¡¡jointed£»¡¡no¡¡stone¡¡being¡¡more
than¡¡three¡¡inches¡¡wide¡¡on¡¡the¡¡top¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡spaces¡¡between¡¡them¡¡were
then¡¡to¡¡be¡¡filled¡¡up¡¡with¡¡smaller¡¡stones£»¡¡packed¡¡by¡¡hand£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to
bring¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡to¡¡an¡¡even¡¡and¡¡firm¡¡surface¡£¡¡¡¡Over¡¡this¡¡a¡¡top¡¡course
was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡laid£»¡¡seven¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡depth£»¡¡consisting¡¡of¡¡properly
broken¡¡hard¡¡whinstones£»¡¡none¡¡exceeding¡¡six¡¡ounces¡¡in¡¡weight£»¡¡and
each¡¡to¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡through¡¡a¡¡circular¡¡ring£»¡¡two¡¡inches¡¡and¡¡a
half¡¡in¡¡diameter£»¡¡a¡¡binding¡¡of¡¡gravel£»¡¡about¡¡an¡¡inch¡¡in¡¡thickness£»
being¡¡placed¡¡over¡¡all¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡drain¡¡crossed¡¡under¡¡the¡¡bed¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bottom
layer¡¡to¡¡the¡¡outside¡¡ditch¡¡in¡¡every¡¡hundred¡¡yards¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡result¡¡was
an¡¡admirably¡¡easy£»¡¡firm£»¡¡and¡¡dry¡¡road£»¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡being¡¡travelled
upon¡¡in¡¡all¡¡weathers£»¡¡and¡¡standing¡¡in¡¡comparatively¡¡small¡¡need¡¡of
repairs¡£
A¡¡similar¡¡practice¡¡was¡¡introduced¡¡in¡¡England¡¡about¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡by
Mr¡£¡¡Macadam£»¡¡and£»¡¡though¡¡his¡¡method¡¡was¡¡not¡¡so¡¡thorough¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of
Telford£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡usefully¡¡employed¡¡on¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡high¡¡roads
throughout¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡£¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Macadam's¡¡notice¡¡was¡¡first¡¡called¡¡to
the¡¡subject¡¡while¡¡acting¡¡as¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trustees¡¡of¡¡a¡¡road¡¡in
Ayrshire¡£¡¡¡¡Afterwards£»¡¡while¡¡employed¡¡as¡¡Government¡¡agent¡¡for
victualling¡¡the¡¡navy¡¡in¡¡the¡¡western¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡England£»¡¡he¡¡continued
the¡¡study¡¡of¡¡road¡making£»¡¡keeping¡¡in¡¡view¡¡the¡¡essential¡¡conditions
of¡¡a¡¡compact¡¡and¡¡durable¡¡substance¡¡and¡¡a¡¡smooth¡¡surface¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡that
time¡¡the¡¡attention¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Legislature¡¡was¡¡not¡¡so¡¡much¡¡directed¡¡to
the¡¡proper¡¡making¡¡and¡¡mending¡¡of¡¡the¡¡roads£»¡¡as¡¡to¡¡suiting¡¡the
vehicles¡¡to¡¡them¡¡such¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡legislated¡¡backwards
and¡¡forwards¡¡for¡¡nearly¡¡half¡¡a¡¡century¡¡as¡¡to¡¡the¡¡breadth¡¡of¡¡wheels¡£
Macadam¡¡was£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡of¡¡opinion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡main¡¡point¡¡was
to¡¡attend¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡roads¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡vehicles¡¡were¡¡to
travel¡£¡¡¡¡Most¡¡roads¡¡were¡¡then¡¡made¡¡with¡¡gravel£»¡¡or¡¡flints¡¡tumbled
upon¡¡them¡¡in¡¡their¡¡natural¡¡state£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡rounded¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡no
points¡¡of¡¡contact£»¡¡and¡¡rarely¡¡became¡¡consolidated¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡a¡¡heavy
vehicle¡¡of¡¡any¡¡sort¡¡passed¡¡over¡¡them£»¡¡their¡¡loose¡¡structure
presented¡¡no¡¡resistance£»¡¡the¡¡material¡¡was¡¡thus¡¡completely
disturbed£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡often¡¡became¡¡almost¡¡impassable¡£¡¡¡¡Macadam's
practice¡¡was¡¡this£º¡¡to¡¡break¡¡the¡¡stones¡¡into¡¡angular¡¡fragments£»¡¡so
that¡¡a¡¡bed¡¡several¡¡inches¡¡in¡¡depth¡¡should¡¡be¡¡formed£»¡¡the¡¡material
best¡¡adapted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡being¡¡fragments¡¡of¡¡granite£»
greenstone£»¡¡or¡¡basalt£»¡¡to¡¡watch¡¡the¡¡repairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡road¡¡carefully
during¡¡the¡¡process¡¡of¡¡consolidation£»¡¡filling¡¡up¡¡the¡¡inequalities
caused¡¡by¡¡the¡¡traffic¡¡passing¡¡over¡¡it£»¡¡until¡¡a¡¡hard¡¡and¡¡level
surface¡¡had¡¡been¡¡obtained¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡made£»¡¡the¡¡road¡¡would¡¡last¡¡for
years¡¡without¡¡further¡¡attention¡£¡¡¡¡in¡¡1815¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Macadam¡¡devoted
himself¡¡with¡¡great¡¡enthusiasm¡¡to¡¡road¡making¡¡as¡¡a¡¡profession£»¡¡and
being¡¡appointed¡¡surveyor¡general¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Bristol¡¡roads£»¡¡he¡¡had¡¡full
opportunities¡¡of¡¡exemplifying¡¡his¡¡system¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡proved¡¡so¡¡successful
that¡¡the¡¡example¡¡set¡¡by¡¡him¡¡was¡¡quickly¡¡followed¡¡over¡¡the¡¡entire
kingdom¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡of¡¡many¡¡large¡¡towns¡¡were¡¡Macadamised¡£
In¡¡carrying¡¡out¡¡his¡¡improvements£»¡¡however£»¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Macadam¡¡spent¡¡several
thousand¡¡pounds¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own¡¡money£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡1825£»¡¡having¡¡proved¡¡this
expenditure¡¡before¡¡a¡¡Committee¡¡of¡¡the¡¡House¡¡of¡¡Commons£»¡¡the¡¡amount
was¡¡reimbursed¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡together¡¡with¡¡an¡¡honorary¡¡tribute¡¡of¡¡two
thousand¡¡pounds¡£¡¡¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Macadam¡¡died¡¡poor£»¡¡but£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡said£»
¡¨a¡¡least¡¡an¡¡honest¡¡man¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡By¡¡his¡¡indefatigable¡¡exertions¡¡and¡¡his
success¡¡as¡¡a¡¡road¡maker£»¡¡by¡¡greatly¡¡saving¡¡animal¡¡labour£»
facilitating¡¡commercial¡¡intercourse£»¡¡and¡¡rendering¡¡travelling¡¡easy
and¡¡expeditious£»¡¡he¡¡entitled¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡the¡¡reputation¡¡of¡¡a¡¡public
benefactor¡£
£§Image£§¡¡J¡£¡¡L¡£¡¡Macadam¡£
Owing¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mountainous¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡through¡¡which
Telford's¡¡Carlisle¡¡and¡¡Glasgow¡¡road¡¡passes£»¡¡the¡¡bridges¡¡are
unusually¡¡numerous¡¡and¡¡of¡¡large¡¡dimensions¡£¡¡¡¡Thus£»¡¡the¡¡Fiddler's
Burn¡¡Bridge¡¡is¡¡of¡¡three¡¡arches£»¡¡one¡¡of¡¡150¡¡and¡¡two¡¡of¡¡105¡¡feet¡¡span
each¡£¡¡¡¡There¡¡are¡¡fourteen¡¡other¡¡bridges£»¡¡presenting¡¡from¡¡one¡¡to
three¡¡arches£»¡¡of¡¡from¡¡20¡¡to¡¡90¡¡feet¡¡span¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡most¡¡picturesque
and¡¡remarkable¡¡bridge¡¡constructed¡¡by¡¡Telford¡¡in¡¡that¡¡district¡¡was
upon¡¡another¡¡line¡¡of¡¡road¡¡subsequently¡¡carried¡¡out¡¡by¡¡him£»¡¡in¡¡the
upper¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡county¡¡of¡¡Lanark£»¡¡and¡¡crossing¡¡the¡¡main¡¡line¡¡of
the¡¡Carlisle¡¡and¡¡Glasgow¡¡road¡¡almost¡¡at¡¡right¡¡angles¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡northern
and¡¡eastern¡¡part¡¡formed¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡line¡¡of¡¡communication¡¡between¡¡the
great¡¡cattle¡¡markets¡¡of¡¡Falkirk£»¡¡Crief£»¡¡and¡¡Doune£»¡¡and¡¡Carlisle¡¡and
the¡¡West¡¡of¡¡England¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡carried¡¡over¡¡deep¡¡ravines¡¡by¡¡several
lofty¡¡bridges£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡formidable¡¡of¡¡which¡¡was¡¡that¡¡across¡¡the
Mouse¡¡Water¡¡at¡¡Cartland¡¡Crags£»¡¡about¡¡a¡¡mile¡¡to¡¡the¡¡west¡¡of¡¡Lanark¡£
The¡¡stream¡¡here¡¡flows¡¡through¡¡a¡¡deep¡¡rocky¡¡chasm£»¡¡the¡¡sides¡¡of
which¡¡are¡¡in¡¡some¡¡places¡¡about¡¡four¡¡hundred¡¡feet¡¡high¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡a¡¡point
where¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rocks¡¡is¡¡considerably¡¡less£»¡¡but¡¡still¡¡most
formidable£»¡¡Telford¡¡spanned¡¡the¡¡ravine¡¡with¡¡the¡¡beautiful¡¡bridge
represented¡¡in¡¡the¡¡engraving¡¡facing¡¡this¡¡page£»¡¡its¡¡parapet¡¡being
129¡¡feet¡¡above¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡beneath¡£
£§Image£§¡¡Cartland¡¡Crags¡¡Bridge¡£
The¡¡reconstruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡western¡¡road¡¡from¡¡Carlisle¡¡to¡¡Glasgow£»
which¡¡Telford¡¡had¡¡thus¡¡satisfactorily¡¡carried¡¡out£»¡¡shortly¡¡led¡¡to
similar¡¡demands¡¡from¡¡the¡¡population¡¡on¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the
kingdom¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡road¡¡reform¡¡was¡¡now¡¡fairly¡¡on¡¡foot¡£
Fast¡¡coaches¡¡and¡¡wheel¡carriages¡¡of¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡had¡¡become¡¡greatly
improved£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡usual¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡travelling¡¡had¡¡advanced¡¡from
five¡¡or¡¡six¡¡to¡¡nine¡¡or¡¡ten¡¡miles¡¡an¡¡hour¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡desire¡¡for¡¡the¡¡rapid
communication¡¡of¡¡political¡¡and¡¡commercial¡¡intelligence¡¡was¡¡found¡¡to
increase¡¡with¡¡the¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡supplying¡¡it£»¡¡and£»¡¡urged¡¡by¡¡the
public¡¡wants£»¡¡the¡¡Post¡Office¡¡authorities¡¡were¡¡stimulated¡¡to
unusual¡¡efforts¡¡in¡¡this¡¡direction¡£¡¡¡¡Numerous¡¡surveys¡¡were¡¡made¡¡and
roads¡¡laid¡¡out£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡improve¡¡the¡¡main¡¡line¡¡of¡¡communication
between¡¡London¡¡and¡¡Edinburgh¡¡and¡¡the¡¡intermediate¡¡towns¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡first
part¡¡of¡¡this¡¡road¡¡taken¡¡in¡¡hand¡¡was¡¡the¡¡worstthat¡¡lying¡¡to¡¡the
north¡¡of¡¡Catterick¡¡Bridge£»¡¡in¡¡Yorkshire¡£¡¡¡¡A¡¡new¡¡line¡¡was¡¡surveyed¡¡by
West¡¡Auckland¡¡to¡¡Hexham£»¡¡passing¡¡over¡¡Garter¡¡Fell¡¡to¡¡Jedburgh£»¡¡and
thence¡¡to¡¡Edinburgh£»¡¡but¡¡was¡¡rejected¡¡as¡¡too¡¡crooked¡¡and¡¡uneven¡£
Another¡¡was¡¡tried¡¡by¡¡Aldstone¡¡Moor¡¡and¡¡Bewcastle£»¡¡and¡¡rejected¡¡for
the¡¡same¡¡reason¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡third¡¡line¡¡proposed¡¡was¡¡eventually¡¡adopted¡¡as
the¡¡best£»¡¡passing¡¡from¡¡Morpeth£»¡¡by¡¡Wooler¡¡and¡¡Coldstream£»
to¡¡Edinburgh£»¡¡saving¡¡rather¡¡more¡¡than¡¡fourteen¡¡miles¡¡between¡¡the
two¡¡points£»¡¡and¡¡securing¡¡a¡¡line¡¡o
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü