the miscellaneous writings and speeches-1- 第24部分

Then　answered　Mr　Milton：　　〃What　you　have　now　said　comprehends　so　great　a　number　of　subjects；　that　it　would　require；　not　an　evening's　sail　on　the　Thames；　but　rather　a　voyage　to　the　Indies；　accurately　to　treat　of　all：　　yet；　in　as　few　words　as　I　may；　I　will　explain　my　sense　of　these　matters。

〃First；　as　to　the　army。　　An　army；　as　you　have　well　set　forth；　is　always　a　weapon　dangerous　to　those　who　use　it；　yet　he　who　falls　among　thieves　spares　not　to　fire　his　musquetoon；　because　he　may　be　slain　if　it　burst　in　his　hand。　　Nor　must　states　refrain　from　defending　themselves；　lest　their　defenders　should　at　last　turn　against　them。　　Nevertheless；　against　this　danger　statesmen　should　carefully　provide；　and；　that　they　may　do　so；　they　should　take　especial　care　that　neither　the　officers　nor　the　soldiers　do　forget　that　they　are　also　citizens。　　I　do　believe　that　the　English　army　would　have　continued　to　obey　the　parliament　with　all　duty；　but　for　one　act；　which；　as　it　was　in　intention；　in　seeming；　and　in　immediate　effect；　worthy　to　be　compared　with　the　most　famous　in　history；　so　was　it；　in　its　final　consequence；　most　injurious。　　I　speak　of　that　ordinance　called　the　〃self…denying〃；　and　of　the　new　model　of　the　army。　　By　those　measures　the　Commons　gave　up　the　command　of　their　forces　into　the　hands　of　men　who　were　not　of　themselves。　　Hence；　doubtless；　derived　no　small　honour　to　that　noble　assembly；　which　sacrificed　to　the　hope　of　public　good　the　assurance　of　private　advantage。　　And；　as　to　the　conduct　of　the　war；　the　scheme　prospered。　　Witness　the　battle　of　Naseby；　and　the　memorable　exploits　of　Fairfax　in　the　west。　　But　thereby　the　Parliament　lost　that　hold　on　the　soldiers　and　that　power　to　control　them；　which　they　retained　while　every　regiment　was　commanded　by　their　own　members。　　Politicians　there　be；　who　would　wholly　divide　the　legislative　from　the　executive　power。　　In　the　golden　age　this　may　have　succeeded；　in　the　millennium　it　may　succeed　again。　　But；　where　great　armies　and　great　taxes　are　required；　there　the　executive　government　must　always　hold　a　great　authority；　which　authority；　that　it　may　not　oppress　and　destroy　the　legislature；　must　be　in　some　manner　blended　with　it。　　The　leaders　of　foreign　mercenaries　have　always　been　most　dangerous　to　a　country。　　The　officers　of　native　armies；　deprived　of　the　civil　privileges　of　other　men；　are　as　much　to　be　feared。　　This　was　the　great　error　of　that　Parliament：　　and；　though　an　error　it　were；　it　was　an　error　generous；　virtuous；　and　more　to　be　deplored　than　censured。

〃Hence　came　the　power　of　the　army　and　its　leaders；　and　especially　of　that　most　famous　leader；　whom　both　in　our　conversation　to…day；　and　in　that　discourse　whereon　I　before　touched；　you　have；　in　my　poor　opinion；　far　too　roughly　handled。　　Wherefore　you　speak　contemptibly　of　his　parts　I　know　not；　but　I　suspect　that　you　are　not　free　from　the　error　common　to　studious　and　speculative　men。　Because　Oliver　was　an　ungraceful　orator；　and　never　said；　either　in　public　or　private；　anything　memorable；　you　will　have　it　that　he　was　of　a　mean　capacity。　　Sure　this　is　unjust。　　Many　men　have　there　been　ignorant　of　letters；　without　wit；　without　eloquence；　who　yet　had　the　wisdom　to　devise；　and　the　courage　to　perform；　that　which　they　lacked　language　to　explain。　　Such　men　often；　in　troubled　times；　have　worked　out　the　deliverance　of　nations　and　their　own　greatness；　not　by　logic；　not　by　rhetoric；　but　by　wariness　in　success；　by　calmness　in　danger；　by　fierce　and　stubborn　resolution　in　all　adversity。　　The　hearts　of　men　are　their　books；　events　are　their　tutors；　great　actions　are　their　eloquence：　and　such　an　one；　in　my　judgment；　was　his　late　Highness；　who；　if　none　were　to　treat　his　name　scornfully　now　shook　not　at　the　sound　of　it　while　he　lived；　would；　by　very　few；　be　mentioned　otherwise　than　with　reverence。　　His　own　deeds　shall　avouch　him　for　a　great　statesman；　a　great　soldier；　a　true　lover　of　his　country；　a　merciful　and　generous　conqueror。

〃For　his　faults；　let　us　reflect　that　they　who　seem　to　lead　are　oftentimes　most　constrained　to　follow。　　They　who　will　mix　with　men；　and　especially　they　who　will　govern　them；　must　in　many　things　obey　them。　　They　who　will　yield　to　no　such　conditions　may　be　hermits；　but　cannot　be　generals　and　statesmen。　　If　a　man　will　walk　straight　forward　without　turning　to　the　right　or　the　left；　he　must　walk　in　a　desert；　and　not　in　Cheapside。　　Thus　was　he　enforced　to　do　many　things　which　jumped　not　with　his　inclination　nor　made　for　his　honour；　because　the　army；　on　which　alone　he　could　depend　for　power　and　life；　might　not　otherwise　be　contented。　　And　I；　for　mine　own　part；　marvel　less　that　he　sometimes　was　fain　to　indulge　their　violence　than　that　he　could　so　often　restrain　it。

〃In　that　he　dissolved　the　Parliament；　I　praise　him。　　It　then　was　so　diminished　in　numbers；　as　well　by　the　death　as　by　the　exclusion　of　members；　that　it　was　no　longer　the　same　assembly；　and；　if　at　that　time　it　had　made　itself　perpetual；　we　should　have　been　governed；　not　by　an　English　House　of　Commons；　but　by　a　Venetian　Council。

〃If　in　his　following　rule　he　overstepped　the　laws；　I　pity　rather　than　condemn　him。　　He　may　be　compared　to　that　Maeandrius　of　Samos；　of　whom　Herodotus　saith；　in　his　Thalia；　that；　wishing　to　be　of　all　men　the　most　just；　he　was　not　able；　for　after　the　death　of　Polycrates　he　offered　freedom　to　the　people；　and　not　till　certain　of　them　threatened　to　call　him　to　a　reckoning　for　what　he　had　formerly　done；　did　he　change　his　purpose；　and　make　himself　a　tyrant；　lest　he　should　be　treated　as　a　criminal。

〃Such　was　the　case　of　Oliver。　　He　gave　to　his　country　a　form　of　government　so　free　and　admirable　that；　in　near　six　thousand　years；　human　wisdom　hath　never　devised　any　more　excellent　contrivance　for　human　happiness。　　To　himself　he　reserved　so　little　power　that　it　would　scarcely　have　sufficed　for　his　safety；　and　it　is　a　marvel　that　it　could　suffice　for　his　ambition。　　When；　after　that；　he　found　that　the　members　of　his　Parliament　disputed　his　right　even　to　that　small　authority　which　he　had　kept；　when　he　might　have　kept　all；　then　indeed　I　own　that　he　began　to　govern　by　the　sword　those　who　would　not　suffer　him　to　govern　by　the　law。

〃But；　for　the　rest；　what　sovereign　was　ever　more　princely　in　pardoning　injuries；　in　conquering　enemies；　in　extending　the　dominions　and　the　renown　of　his　people？　　What　sea；　what　shore　did　he　not　mark　with　imperishable　memorials　of　his　friendship　or　his　vengeance？　　The　gold　of　Spain；　the　steel　of　Sweden；　the　ten　thousand　sails　of　Holland；　availed　nothing　against　him。　　While　every　foreign　state　trembled　at　our　arms；　we　sat　secure　from　all　assault。　　War；　which　often　so　strangely　troubles　both　husbandry　and　commerce；　never　silenced　the　song　of　our　reapers；　or　the　sound　of　our　looms。　　Justice　was　equally　administered；　God　was　freely　worshipped。

〃Now　look　at　that　which　we　have　taken　in　exchange。　　With　the　restored　king　have　come　over　to　us　vices　of　every　sort；　and　most　the　basest　and　most　shameful；lust　without　loveservitude　without　loyaltyfoulness　of　speechdishonesty　of　dealing　grinning　contempt　of　all　things　good　and　generous。　　The　throne　is　surrounded　by　men　whom　the　former　Charles　would　have　spurned　from　his　footstool。　　The　altar　is　served　by　slaves　whose　knees　are　supple　to　every　being　but　God。　　Rhymers；　whose　books　the　hangman　should　burn；　pandars；　actors；　and　buffoons；　these　drink　a　health　and　throw　a　main　with　the　King；　these　have　stars　on　their　breasts　and　gold　sticks　in　their　hands；　these　shut　out　from　his　presence　the　best　and　bravest　of　those　who　bled　for　his　house。　　Even　so　doth　God　visit　those　who　know　not　how　to　value　freedom。　　He　gives　them　over　to　the　tyranny　which　they　have　desired；　Ina　pantes　epaurontai　basileos。〃

〃I　will　not；〃　said　Mr　Cowley；　〃dispute　with　you　on　this　argument。　But；　if　it　be　as　you　say；　how　can　you　maintain　that　England　hath　been　so　greatly　advantaged　by　the　rebellion？〃

〃Understand　me　rightly；　Sir；〃　said　Mr　Milton。　　〃This　nation　is　not　given　over　to　slavery　and　vice。　　We　tasted　indeed　the　fruits　of　liberty　before　they　had　well　ripened。　　Their　flavour　was　harsh　and　bitter；　and　we　turned　from　them　with　loathing　to　the　sweeter　poisons　of　servitude。　　This　is　but　for　a　time。　　England　is　sleeping　on　the　lap　of　Dalilah；　traitorously　chained；　but　not　yet　shorn　of　strength。　　Let　the　cry　be　once　heardthe　Philistines　be　upon　thee；　and　at　once　that　sleep　will　be　broken；　and　those　chains　will　be　as　flax　in　the　fire。　　The　great　Parliament　hath　left　behind　it　in　our　hearts　and　minds　a　hatred　of　tyrants；　a　just　knowledge　of　our　rights；　a　scorn　of　vain　and　deluding　names；　and　that　the　revellers　of　Whitehall　shall　surely　find。　　The　sun　is　darkened；　but　it　is　only　for　a　moment：　　it　is　but　an　eclipse；　though　all　birds　of　evil　omen　have　begun　to　scream；　and　all　ravenous　beasts　have　gone　forth　to　prey；　thinking　it　to　be　midnight。　　Woe　to　them　if　they　be　abroad　when　the　rays　again　shine　forth！

〃The　king　hath　judged　ill。　　Had　he　been　wise　he　would　have　remembered　that　he　owed　his　restoration　only　to　confusions　which　had　wearied　us　out；　and　made　us　eager　for　repose。　　He　would　have　known　that　the　folly　and　perfidy　of　a　prince　would　restore　to　the　good　old　cause　many　hearts　which　had　been　alienated　thence　by　the　turbulence　of　factions；　fo