2。不定式可以用成很多动词的宾语：
I like to swim。
He loves to listen to jokes。
My brother seems to be different。
I agree to lend him money。
Do you like to sing？
3。不定式可以跟在代词的后面，形式如下：
动词（verb）＋代词（pronoun）＋不定式（infinitive）
例如：
I told him to work hard。
I asked my brother to e back home。
He expects his friends to help him。
My teacher told me to wait for him。
I invited my sister to go to see a movie。
4。不定式常用在上述句子的被动语气中，例如：
He was told to work hard。
My brother was asked to e back home。
His friend is expected to help me。
I was told by my teacher to wait。
My sister was invited to go to see a movie。
以下是更多的不定式例子：
To give is more meaningful than to receive。
I love to swim in cold weather。
He agreed to listen to my story。
He decided to go anyway。
I told him to buy my book。
I invited him to e to my house。
I asked him to cook for me tonight。
Students are asked to work hard。
He needs to work hard。
I want you to send this letter to my father。
He requires every student to read one novel every week。
Every student is required to read one novel every week。
读者一定会问，是不是动名词可以和不定式互调，答案是否定的，有些动词后面可以跟动名词和不定式，但也有些动词，后面只能跟动名词，有些动词后面只能跟不定式。
有些动词后面可以跟动名词或不定式：love； like； hate； start； begin；以下的动词，后面只能跟动名词：
Enjoy I enjoy eating good food。
Appreciate I appreciate your being kind to others。
Avoid You should avoid making mistakes。
keep on Keep on working hard。
keep Keep singing。
consider He considered leaving home。
finish He finished writing this book。
suggest May I suggest drinking a cup of coffee？
discuss We discussed traveling to New Zealand。
以下的动词正好相反，只能跟不定式
agree I agree to sign this letter。
plan He plans to go away。
want They want to rent a car。
decide He decided to work hard。
seem He seems to be very happy。
appear He appears to be very sad。
一个字非常特殊，必须讨论一下，那就是stop：
stop smoking 指不再抽烟了
stop to smoke 指停下来，开始抽烟
9§4 动名词和不定式的被动和否定形式
将动词改成名词的时候，也可以有被动语气和否定语气，以下是一些例子：
Everyone likes to be loved。
This cup needs to be washed。
Being trusted is important。
I told him not to leave this house。
He asked me not to cry。
I was told not to fall asleep in class。
To be given a good gift on Christmas Eve makes me happy。
Being invited to that party is a great honor to me。
【练习四十一】
将下面的空格填入动名词或不定式
1。 I enjoy （listen） to rock and roll music。
2。 I asked him （go） away。
3。 He was asked （leave）。
4。 I suggest （have） some fun。
5。 He seems （be） a kind person。
6。 You appear （be） quite tired。
7。 I told him （have） a cup of wine。
8。 I invited him （e） over。
9。 Every one of you is required （work） hard。
10。 Do you like （swim）？
11。 I ordered him （read） my book。
12。 I was expected （write） a letter to you。
13。 He asked me （read） this letter to him。
14。 Please keep （talk） to me。
15。 Stop （drive） so fast。 It is dangerous to drive too fast。
16。 I hate （smoke）。
17。 （pass） the test is important。
18。 （work） hard is the key to success。
19。 My wife asked me to （bring） some flowers home。
20。 He avoided （tell） lies。
【练习四十二】
将以下中文句子译成英文句子，用gerund或infinitive。
1。我请（invite）他到我家来。
2。我教（teach）他游泳。
3。被人爱令人快乐。
4。我讨厌（hate）抽烟。
5。我们应该避免（avoid）饮烟。
6。不要再（stop）抽烟了。
7。每个人都期待（expect）他写一本好书。
8。我要求（require）他每天念英文。
9§5 不定式的简式
不定式中一定要有to，但在有几个动词的后面，to又要省掉，最著名的是let，我们绝不可以说
＊I let him to leave。
而一定要说
I let him leave。
我们也不能说
＊I made him to work hard。（我使他努力工作）
而一定要说
I made him work hard。
以下的动词后面，不定式的后面都要省掉to。
动词 例句
let My mother let me watch TV tonight。
make He makes his students respect teachers。
have He had his sons clean their rooms。
see I saw him run away。
hear I heard the birds sing。
watch I watched the kids play。
notice I noticed her cry。
因为在这些动词的后面，本来应该用不定式，仅仅是to被省掉了，因此我们在这些动词的后面仍然要用原式，以下的句子都是错的：
＊He made his son ran away from home。
＊I saw him walked away。。
＊I have never heard him sang any song。
Help这一个动词非常特别，它后面的不定式中的to可省略也可不省，以下的句子都是对的：
I helped him wash his car。
I helped him to wash his car。
【练习四十三】
以下的句子都有错，请改正：
1。＊He lets his son to drive his car。
2。＊He made me felt happy。
3。＊I made my friend to discuss his problem with me。
4。＊I had my son to get up early every morning。
5。＊I helped my father painted his house。
6。＊I had my brother to carry this heavy luggage for me。
7。＊I had Mary to marry me。
8。＊This song makes everyone to cry。
9。＊I helped Nancy worked hard。
10。＊He made us to believe him。
11。＊I saw him to play。
12。＊I heard Mary sang several songs。
13。＊I watched her to swim。
14。＊I saw the birds to fly away。
第十章 如何将动词改成形容词
我们中文里，一个字有时是动词，有时却又可以用作形容词，最著名的例子是〝微笑老萧〞（萧万长院长的外号）〝微笑〞应该是动词，可是在这里，显然〝微笑〞是形容词。〝哭泣〞通常是动词，可是我们也可以说〝哭泣的孩子〞。也难怪我们常见到以下错误的英文句子：
＊ a smile face
＊ a run boy
需知smile和cry都是动词，是不能当作形容词来用的。
可是，更糟糕的是以下句子：〝住在台湾的人很有钱〞，我们很多人会说
＊ People live in Taiwan are rich。
以上的话为什么错呢？因为People是主语，are是动词，live in Taiwan形容people，可是live是一个动词，不能用作形容词的。怎么办呢？我们可以将一个动词用成一个形容词，我们的做法是利用分词（participle）和不定式（infinitive），而分词有两种：现在分词（present participle）和过去分词（past participle），我们在下一节，先谈现在分词的用法。
10§1 现在分词（present participle）作为形容词
任何一个动词，都有一个现在分词（present participle），现在分词的形式是在动词后面加上ing，如：
laughing
crying
walking
swimming
running
以下的例子中，现在分词都是形容词
a crying baby
a smiling girl
an exciting story
running water
a running boy
a rising star
现在分词不一定放在名词的前面，在以下的句子中，现在分词都在名词的后面
a person walking in the woods
the young man running very fast
people living in Taiwan
the person driving that red car
the singer singing the national anthem（国歌）
the boys playing in the fields
the young boy swimming in the pool
以下句子中的现在分词，都被用作形容词。
We have a crying baby here。
Seeing is believing。（believing是形容词，seeing是名词）
Loving is forgiving。
He always wears a smiling face。
Running water is important for mankind。
Look at the rising sun。
The person swimming in that cold river is quite strong。
The young man driving the red car is rich。
Those boys playing basketball are happy。
This movie is exciting。
This news is very upsetting。
This story is troubling。
The young boy swimming in the pool is my brother。
People living in the United States consume more energy than other people。
The person painting the house there is from Mexico。
She has a loving husband。
He is a rising star。
【练习四十四】
将以下的中文句子译成英文，每句都要用现在分词
1。 这是一本有趣的故事。
2。 这门课很无聊（boring）。
3。 看那只在唱歌的鸟。
4。 那位微笑的人是我的哥哥。
5。 住在乡下的人通常很健康。
6。 我不认识那位骑脚车的男孩子。
7。 那位正在吃冰淇淋的小孩子是我的儿子。
8。 那位在问问题的学生非常聪明。
9。 你见过那位打篮球的男孩子吗？
10。那位垂死（dying）的病人是我的老师。
10§2 过去分词（past participle）作为形容词
在完成式中，我们要用过去分词，过去分词也可以作为形容词，以下是一些例子：
a broken window （破碎的窗）
a fallen angel （堕落的天使）
a fallen star （已经不走红的明星）
a depressed person （一个沮丧的人）
a much appreciated action （为人很欣赏的动作）
究竟过去分词和现在分词何不同呢？过去分词多半有动被和已经完成的意思。最好的例子是：开发中家叫做a developing country，已开发国家就叫做a developed country。
以下的例子可以解释过去分词和现在分词的不同：
1。 （a）这本书很有趣。
This book is interesting。
（b）我对这本书很有兴趣。
I am interested in this book。
2。 （a）这是一部令人沮丧的电影。
This is a depressing movie。
（b）我看了这部电影以后，感到非常沮丧。
I felt very much depressed after seeing that movie。
3。 （a）结果令人失望。
The result is frustrating。
（b）他因这个结果而非常失望。
He was frustrated because of the result。
4。 （a）这个消息真令人难过。
This news is really upsetting。
（b）他们都很难过。
They are all upset。
5。 （a）约翰的进步令人鼓舞。
John’s progress is encouraging。
（b）我因约翰的进步而感到鼓舞。
I am encouraged by John’s progress。
6。 （a）水在烧。
The water is boiling。
（b）这是烧开的水。
This is boiled water。
7。（a）这个消息出人意外。
This news is surprising。
（b）我对这个消息感到意外。
I was surprised by the news。
8。 （a）他的谈话令人