彭开平说，美国人认为最高明、最复杂的推理是西方的辩证思维模式。这种模式的推理是由正题推出反题，进而推出合理性。彭开平说，在中国的智慧寓言中，人们不会试图通过矛盾去解决问题，而是遵循一个文化传统，那就是现实是“多层次的、不可预测和充满矛盾的”，并且是不断变化的。
二
［A］ Any number of things can damage a work of art。 Smog eats away at stone and metal。 Insects chew wood。 Moisture causes wood and canvas to swell； shrink and finally rot。 For one art show； a painting was flown from England to Rome。 During the flight； the canvas shrank so much that the paint lost its grip and began peeling。 When the box was opened in Rome； there was a halfbare painting——and a pile of tiny colored flakes。
［B］ Paintings on wood are then carried into a boxcarsized room。 The door is sealed shut。 For 24 hours； a deadly gas seeps into all the cracks in the wood to kill hidden bugs and their eggs。 Paintings on torn canvas go to a room where new cloth backings are glued and ironed on。 Finally the paintings are ready to be given new life by one of the restorers。
［C］On the ground floor of a fivestory building in Rome； Italy； a leadaproned man carefully places a 400yearold painting on a table。 Then he steps back and flips the switch of a 50；000volt Xray machine。 Nearby； another painting is being wheeled into a special oven。 Elsewhere the buzz of a power saw is heard from behind a closed door。 Two workers are cutting the back off a 500yearold wood panel painting。
［D］Doctor Urbani remembers；“The painting was rushed to us。 It looked hopeless。 But we never give up on a case。” After months of slow； careful work； every piece of paint had been puzzled back together and glued on a new canvas。 The job was so well done that no damage could be seen。
［E］No wonder they did harm。 They often cleaned paintings with strong black soap； or scrubbed them with raw onions and green apples。 Instead of just touching up damaged spots； most early restorers painted over them with a heavy hand。 Sometimes they even changed the picture。
［F］Such things happen every day at Rome’s Institute of Restoration。 Headed by Doctor Giovanui Urbani； the men and women here work at keeping works of art in good health。 In terms of art treasures； Italy is one of the richest countries in the world。 Yet until 1939； when Italy’s government founded the Institute； the country’s museums had to hire private restorers for cleaning and repair jobs。 Says Doctor Urbani； “Most of the restorers did not have proper training。 They often did more harm than good。”
［G］When a painting arrives at the art hospital； it goes to the laboratory； where scientific work is done。 Infrared and ultraviolet photographs are taken。 These photographs make it possible to see through the thin top coats of paint to find out if the painting has been touched up or painted over in the past。 Newer coats of paint stand out as dark spots against older coats of paint。 If there seems to be a different picture beneath the one showing on the surface； the painting is finally Xrayed。
答案及解析
1。 F。 开篇的第一段向人们展示了一家“艺术品医院”内的三幅场景，那么这家“艺术”品医院究竟做的是什么，就由此段来回答。“Such things happen every day”不仅与上文衔接紧密，并且引起了下文，说明其具体的工作。
2。 E。 如果顺利地选择了第二段，那么根据第二段后部分more harm than good，我们可初步选定是此项，因为“No wonder they did harm”与其前相呼应；再细看，此项是对上段的解释说明，由此可判断此项放第三段是正确的。
3。 A。 由第三段最后一句“有时他们甚至改变了整幅作品”可知下面的文章可能会对其作进一步的阐述，经细看A项是对上段的解释，并且本段开始的damage 及句中的eats away； swell； shrink； rot 等词是上段中心词damage的重复及词义互换词，因此可知此项为正确项。
4。 D。由上面两段介绍作品的破坏程度，让人们想到是不是这些作品就没办法修复了呢？带着这个疑问看到此项，“看上去没希望了，但我们每一次都不放弃”说明此项是一个承上启下的段落；同时由最后一句“no damage could be seen”与上文遥相呼应，此项一定是正确选项。
5。 G。 由上段启出的下文必定是如何对一个看上去没希望的作品进行修复，即修复的过程，经过排除，可知此项是正确选项。
中心思想
本文向大家介绍了一家特殊的医院——艺术品医院，描述了如何对一些受损艺术品进行处理修复的方法和过程，也让人们了解了它存在的价值与重要性。
译文
在意大利罗马的一幢五楼建筑的一层，一个身系围裙的人小心翼翼地在桌上展开一幅有着四百年历史的油画。然后他后退几步，打开一台50000伏的X射线机。附近，另一幅作品正被送入一个特制的烤炉。一个紧闭着的门后传来电锯嗡嗡的声音，那里两个工人正在给一幅500年的木质画切边。
在罗马修复院里这些事情每天都会发生。在吉万内？阿巴尼博士的领导下，这里的人的主要工作即是使艺术品保持良好。就艺术珍宝而言，意大利是世界上最富有的国家之一。但直到1939年意大利政府成立这个机构前，博物馆只能雇佣私人修复者来清洗和保养这些文物。据阿巴尼博士说，“多数修复人员没有经过正规培训，与其说是修复，不如说实际上他们破坏的更为严重。”
难怪会损坏文物，他们经常用肥皂清洗画，用生洋葱和青苹果去擦拭作品。大多数早期修复者不是对损坏的部分进行修整，而是大笔一挥在上面重画一气，有时甚至会改变整幅作品。
任何东西都可能破坏艺术品。烟雾会腐蚀宝石和金属，昆虫能够蚕食木头，湿气导致木头和画布膨胀、萎缩以致最后腐烂。对画展而言，艺术品从英格兰空运到罗马。在航运过程中，画布萎缩得很严重以至于颜料松散并开始剥落。到罗马把箱子打开后，只剩半幅作品，以及一堆细小的油彩碎片。
阿巴尼博士回忆说，“这幅作品很快被送到我们这里，看上去没有任何希望了，但我们每次都不放弃。经过几个月耐心、细致的工作后，作品中的每一片都被重新放回，粘在一个新画布上。修复做得如此之好，甚至看不出曾被破坏过。”
当作品被送到艺术品医院，它就会进入一个具有科学流程的实验室，在那里对其拍摄红外线和紫外线照片。这些照片可以使人们透过上面一层薄薄的油彩来判断这幅作品以前是否被修复或是被重绘过。新的油彩相对于旧油彩而言是一些比较明显的暗点。如果看上去表面下似乎还有一个不同的画面，这幅作品最终会用X射线修复。
画在木板上的作品接下来会被送到一个很大的房间。屋门关的严严实实。大约24个小时，一种致命的气体渗入木板中的所有裂隙来杀死蛀虫及虫卵。画布损坏的作品被送到一个可以装裱新画布的房间。最后修复人员都会让这些作品获得崭新的生命。
三
［A］Some volcanoes have stopped throwing out hot rock； but they still smoke a little now and then。 They are “sleeping”volcanoes。 Sometime they may “wake up”。 A volcano named Vesuvius slept for a thousand years。 But it woke up and threw out so much hot melted rock that it buried the buildings of two cities。
［B］There are different kinds of volcanoes。 Some explode so violently that the rock goes high into the air and falls miles away。 A volcano may shoot out ashes so high that they float all the way around the world。 They have made the sunsets green and the snow purple。
［C］A new volcano was being born。 The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield！ Black smoke puffed out。 Hot ashes fell like black snowflakes。 Hot rock and fire and lava shot out。People called the volcano the Little Monster because it grew so fast。 Scientists came from all over the world to study it and watch it grow。 It is not often that people get a chance to watch a volcano from the very beginning。 Most of the volcanoes have been here for a very long time。 Some have been here so long that now they are cold。 They are called dead volcanoes。 They have stopped throwing out fire and melted rock and smoke。 It is safe to walk on them。 Farms are plowed on the quiet slopes； and people have built houses there。
［D］People used to think dragons under the earth caused volcanoes。 They said the smoke that puffed above the ground was the dragon’s breath。 They said the earthquakes were caused by the dragon’s moving around down in the earth。 Now we know that this is not true。
［F］Another thing we know about volcanoes is that they don’t happen just anywhere。 There are certain places under the earth where the rock is broken in a way that lets the steam and hot rock escape to the outside more easily。 Scientists know where these places are； and maps have been made to let everybody know。
［G］Today volcanoes are not so dangerous for people as they were a long time ago。 Now we know more about why volcanoes do what they do； and we can usually tell when they are going to do it 。 Before a sleeping volcano wakes up； it usually makes a noise like faraway thunder； and the ground shakes in small earthquakes。 People are warned and have time to get away safely。
［E］Other volcanoes are more gentle。 The hot lava rises in their cones and overflows； rolling slowly down the mountainside； where it bees cool and hard。
One very tall volcano stays fiery red at the top all the time。 It is lucky that the volcano is near the ocean。 Sailors can use it for a lighthouse。
答案及解析
1。 A。 此处应结合前文来分析。上一段讲述火山类型，并介绍了其中之一的“dead volcanoes”（死火山），下一段很自然就会联想到应再介绍另一种类型的火山即“sleeping volcanoes”同时此段“Some volcano have……”与上一段“Some have been here so long”相呼应，也是选择此段的依据之一。
2。 G。选择此段时也应结合前几段来理解，文章开头介绍火山萌发了，并说人们把火山称为“Little Monster”，以显示人们，对其有恐惧心理紧接着此段话锋一转，�