manners and customs of cities divided into the upper and lower town； wherefore it is necessary to enter here upon some topographical details； and this so much the more if the reader is to comprehend the position of one of the principal characters in the storyMme。 de Bargeton。
The old city of Angouleme is perched aloft on a crag like a sugar… loaf； overlooking the plain where the Charente winds away through the meadows。 The crag is an outlying spur on the Perigord side of a long； low ridge of hill； which terminates abruptly just above the road from Paris to Bordeaux； so that the Rock of Angouleme is a sort of promontory marking out the line of three picturesque valleys。 The ramparts and great gateways and ruined fortress on the summit of the crag still remain to bear witness to the importance of this stronghold during the Religious Wars； when Angouleme was a military position coveted alike of Catholics and Calvinists； but its old…world strength is a source of weakness in modern days； Angouleme could not spread down to the Charente； and shut in between its ramparts and the steep sides of the crag； the old town is condemned to stagnation of the most fatal kind。
The Government made an attempt about this very time to extend the town towards Perigord； building a Prefecture； a Naval School； and barracks along the hillside； and opening up roads。 But private enterprise had been beforehand elsewhere。 For some time past the suburb of L'Houmeau had sprung up； a mushroom growth at the foot of the crag and along the river…side； where the direct road runs from Paris to Bordeaux。 Everybody has heard of the great paper…mills of Angouleme； established perforce three hundred years ago on the Charente and its branch streams； where there was a sufficient fall of water。 The largest State factory of marine ordnance in France was established at Ruelle； some six miles away。 Carriers； wheelwrights； posthouses； and inns； every agency for public conveyance； every industry that lives by road or river； was crowded together in Lower Angouleme； to avoid the difficulty of the ascent of the hill。 Naturally； too； tanneries； laundries； and all such waterside trades stood within reach of the Charente； and along the banks of the river lay the stores of brandy and great warehouses full of the water…borne raw material； all the carrying trade of the Charente； in short； had lined the quays with buildings。
So the Faubourg of L'Houmeau grew into a busy and prosperous city； a second Angouleme rivaling the upper town； the residence of the powers that be； the lords spiritual and temporal of Angouleme； though L'Houmeau； with all its business and increasing greatness； was still a mere appendage of the city above。 The noblesse and officialdom dwelt on the crag； trade and wealth remained below。 No love was lost between these two sections of the community all the world over； and in Angouleme it would have been hard to say which of the two camps detested the other the more cordially。 Under the Empire the machinery worked fairly smoothly； but the Restoration wrought both sides to the highest pitch of exasperation。
Nearly every house in the upper town of Angouleme is inhabited by noble； or at any rate by old burgher； families； who live independently on their incomesa sort of autochthonous nation who suffer no aliens to come among them。 Possibly； after two hundred years of unbroken residence； and it may be an intermarriage or two with one of the primordial houses； a family from some neighboring district may be adopted； but in the eyes of the aboriginal race they are still newcomers of yesterday。
Prefects； receivers…general； and various administrations that have come and gone during the last forty years； have tried to tame the ancient families perched aloft like wary ravens on their crag； the said families were always willing to accept invitations to dinners and dances； but as to admitting the strangers to their own houses； they were inexorable。 Ready to scoff and disparage； jealous and niggardly； marrying only among themselves； the families formed a serried phalanx to keep out intruders。 Of modern luxury they had no notion； and as for sending a boy to Paris； it was sending him； they thought to certain ruin。 Such sagacity will give a sufficient idea of the old…world manners and customs of this society； suffering from thick…headed Royalism； infected with bigotry rather than zeal； all stagnating together； motionless as their town founded upon a rock。 Yet Angouleme enjoyed a great reputation in the provinces round about for its educational advantages； and neighboring towns sent their daughters to its boarding schools and convents。
It is easy to imagine the influence of the class sentiment which held Angouleme aloof from L'Houmeau。 The merchant classes are rich； the noblesse are usually poor。 Each side takes its revenge in scorn of the other。 The tradespeople in Angouleme espouse the quarrel。 〃He is a man of L'Houmeau！〃 a shopkeeper of the upper town will tell you； speaking of a merchant in the lower suburb； throwing an accent into the speech which no words can describe。 When the Restoration defined the position of the French noblesse； holding out hopes to them which could only be realized by a complete and general topsy…turvydom； the distance between Angouleme and L'Houmeau； already more strongly marked than the distance between the hill and plain； was widened yet further。 The better families； all devoted as one man to the Government； grew more exclusive here than in any other part of France。 〃The man of L'Houmeau〃 became little better than a pariah。 Hence the deep； smothered hatred which broke out everywhere with such ugly unanimity in the insurrection of 1830 and destroyed the elements of a durable social system in France。 As the overweening haughtiness of the Court nobles detached the provincial noblesse from the throne； so did these last alienate the bourgeoisie from the royal cause by behavior that galled their vanity in every possible way。
So 〃a man of L'Houmeau；〃 a druggist's son； in Mme。 de Bargeton's house was nothing less than a little revolution。 Who was responsible for it？ Lamartine and Victor Hugo； Casimir Delavigne and Canalis； Beranger and Chateaubriand。 Davrigny； Benjamin Constant and Lamennais； Cousin and Michaud；all the old and young illustrious names in literature in short； Liberals and Royalists； alike must divide the blame among them。 Mme。 de Bargeton loved art and letters； eccentric taste on her part； a craze deeply deplored in Angouleme。 In justice to the lady； it is necessary to give a sketch of the previous history of a woman born to shine； and left by unlucky circumstances in the shade； a woman whose influence decided Lucien's career。
M。 de Bargeton was the great…grandson of an alderman of Bordeaux named Mirault； ennobled under Louis XIII。 for long tenure of office。 His son； bearing the name of Mirault de Bargeton； became an officer in the household troops of Louis XIV。； and married so great a fortune that in the reign of Louis XV。 his son dropped the Mirault and was called simply M。 de Bargeton。 This M。 de Bargeton； the alderman's grandson； lived up to his quality so strenuously that he ran through the family property and checked the course of its fortunes。 Two of his brothers indeed； great…uncles of the present Bargeton； went into business again； for which reason you will find the name of Mirault among Bordeaux merchants at this day。 The lands of Bargeton； in Angoumois in the barony of Rochefoucauld； being entailed； and the house in Angouleme； called the Hotel Bargeton； likewise； the grandson of M。 de Bargeton the Waster came in for these hereditaments； though the year 1789 deprived him of all seignorial rights save to the rents paid by his tenants； which amounted to some ten thousand francs per annum。 If his grandsire had but walked in the ways of his illustrious progenitors； Bargeton I。 and Bargeton II。； Bargeton V。 （who may be dubbed Bargeton the Mute by way of distinction） should by rights have been born to the title of Marquis of Bargeton； he would have been connected with some great family or other； and in due time he would have been a duke and a peer of France； like many another； whereas； in 1805； he thought himself uncommonly lucky when he married Mlle。 Marie…Louise…Anais de Negrepelisse； the daughter of a noble long relegated to the obscurity of his manor…house； scion though he was of the younger branch of one of the oldest families in the south of France。 There had been a Negrepelisse among the hostages of St。 Louis。 The head of the elder branch； however； had borne the illustrious name of d'Espard since the reign of Henri Quatre； when the Negrepelisse of that day married an heiress of the d'Espard family。 As for M。 de Negrepelisse； the younger son of a younger son； he lived upon his wife's property； a small estate in the neighborhood of Barbezieux； farming the land to admiration； selling his corn in the market himself； and distilling his own brandy； laughing at those who ridiculed him； so long as he could pile up silver crowns； and now and again round out his estate with another bit of land。
Circumstances unusual enough in out…of…the…way places in the country had inspired Mme。 de Bargeton with a taste for music and reading。 During t