gree with him； and this because of the presence of a certain atmosphere in the novels； alien to free play of the individualities presented。 Like Hawthorne's； like the works of our great symbolists； they are restricted by a sense of some obtaining conception； some weird metaphysical WEIRD or preconception。 This is the ground 〃Ian MacLaren〃 has for saying that 〃his kinship is not with Boccaccio and Rabelais； but with Dante and Spenser〃 … the ground for many remarks by critics to the effect that they still crave from him 〃less symbol and more individuality〃 … the ground for the Rev。 W。 J。 Dawson's remark that 〃he has a powerful and persistent sense of the spiritual forces which move behind the painted shows of life； that he writes not only as a realist but as a prophet； his meanest stage being set with eternity as a background。〃
Such expressions are fullest justification for what we have here said： it adds； and can only add； to our admiration of Stevenson； as a thinker； seer； or mystic； but the asserting sense of such power can only end in lessening the height to which he could attain as a dramatic artist； and there is much indeed against Mr Pinero's own view that； in the dramas； he finds that 〃fine speeches〃 are ruinous to them as acting plays。 In the strict sense overfine speeches are yet almost everywhere。 David Balfour could never have writ some speeches attributed to him … they are just R。 L。 Stevenson with a very superficial difference that； when once detected； renders them curious and quaint and interesting； but not dramatic。
CHAPTER XIII … PREACHER AND MYSTIC FABULIST
IN reality； Stevenson is always directly or indirectly preaching a sermon … enforcing a moral … as though he could not help it。 〃He would rise from the dead to preach a sermon。〃 He wrote some first… rate fables； and might indeed have figured to effect as a moralist… fabulist； as truly he was from beginning to end。 There was a bit of Bunyan in him as well as of Aesop and Rousseau and Thoreau … the mixture that found coherency in his most peculiarly patient and forbearing temper is what gives at once the quaintness； the freedom； and yet the odd didactic something that is never wanting。 I remember a fable about the Devil that might well be brought in to illustrate this here … careful readers who neglect nothing that Stevenson wrote will remember it also and perhaps bear me out here。
But for the sake of the young folks who may yet have some leeway to make up； I shall indulge myself a little by quoting it： and； since I am on that tack； follow it by another which presents Stevenson in his favourite guise of quizzing his own characters； if not for his own advantage certainly for ours； if we would in the least understand the fine moralist…casuistical qualities of his mind and fancy：
THE DEVIL AND THE INNKEEPER
Once upon a time the devil stayed at an inn； where no one knew him； for they were people whose education had been neglected。 He was bent on mischief； and for a time kept everybody by the ears。 But at last the innkeeper set a watch upon the devil and took him in the act。
The innkeeper got a rope's end。
〃Now I am going to thrash you；〃 said the inn…keeper。
〃You have no right to be angry with me；〃 said the devil。 〃I am only the devil； and it is my nature to do wrong。〃
〃Is that so？〃 asked the innkeeper。
〃Fact； I assure you；〃 said the devil。
〃You really cannot help doing ill？〃 asked the innkeeper。
〃Not in the smallest；〃 said the devil； 〃it would be useless cruelty to thrash a thing like me。〃
〃It would indeed；〃 said the innkeeper。
And he made a noose and hanged the devil。
〃There！〃 said the innkeeper。
The deeper Stevenson goes； the more happily is he inspired。 We could scarcely cite anything more Stevensonian； alike in its humour and its philosophy； than the dialogue between Captain Smollett and Long John Silver； entitled THE PERSONS OF THE TALE。 After chapter xxxii。 of TREASURE ISLAND； these two puppets 〃strolled out to have a pipe before business should begin again； and met in an open space not far from the story。〃 After a few preliminaries：
〃You're a damned rogue； my man；〃 said the Captain。
〃Come； come； Cap'n； be just；〃 returned the other。 〃There's no call to be angry with me in earnest。 I'm on'y a character in a sea story。 I don't really exist。〃
〃Well； I don't really exist either；〃 says the Captain； 〃which seems to meet that。〃
〃I wouldn't set no limits to what a virtuous character might consider argument；〃 responded Silver。 〃But I'm the villain of the tale； I am； and speaking as one seafaring man to another； what I want to know is； what's the odds？〃
〃Were you never taught your catechism？〃 said the Captain。 〃Don't you know there's such a thing as an Author？〃
〃Such a thing as a Author？〃 returned John； derisively。 〃And who better'n me？ And the p'int is； if the Author made you； he made Long John； and he made Hands； and Pew； and George Merry … not that George is up to much； for he's little more'n a name； and he made Flint； what there is of him； and he made this here mutiny； you keep such a work about； and he had Tom Redruth shot； and … well； if that's a Author； give me Pew！〃
〃Don't you believe in a future state？〃 said Smollett。 〃Do you think there's nothing but the present sorty…paper？〃
〃 I don't rightly know for that；〃 said Silver； 〃and I don't see what it's got to do with it； anyway。 What I know is this： if there is sich a thing as a Author； I'm his favourite chara'ter。 He does me fathoms better'n he does you … fathoms； he does。 And he likes doing me。 He keeps me on deck mostly all the time； crutch and all； and he leaves you measling in the hold； where nobody can't see you； nor wants to； and you may lay to that！ If there is a Author； by thunder； but he's on my side； and you may lay to it！〃
〃I see he's giving you a long rope；〃 said the Captain。 。 。 。
Stevenson's stories … one and all … are too closely the illustrations by characters of which his essays furnish the texts。 You shall not read the one wholly apart from the other without losing something … without losing much of the quaint； often childish； and always insinuating personality of the writer。 It is this if fully perceived which would justify one writer； Mr Zangwill； if I don't forget； in saying； as he did say； that Stevenson would hold his place by his essays and not by his novels。 Hence there is a unity in all； but a unity found in a root which is ultimately inimical to what is strictly free dramatic creation … creation； broad； natural and unmoral in the highest sense just as nature is； as it is to us； for example； when we speak of Shakespeare； or even Scott； or of Cervantes or Fielding。 If Mr Henley in his irruptive if not spiteful PALL MALL MAGAZINE article had made this clear from the high critical ground； then some of his derogatory remarks would not have been quite so personal and offensive as they are。
Stevenson's bohemianism was always restrained and coloured by this。 He is a casuistic moralist； if not a Shorter Catechist； as Mr Henley put it in his clever sonnet。 He is constantly asking himself about moral laws and how they work themselves out in character； especially as these suggest and involve the casuistries of human nature。 He is often a little like Nathaniel Hawthorne； but he hardly follows them far enough and rests on his own preconceptions and predilections； only he does not； like him； get into or remain long in the cobwebby corners … his love of the open air and exercise derived from generations of active lighthouse engineers； out at all times on sea or land； or from Scottish ministers who were fond of composing their sermons and reflecting on the backwardness of human nature as they walked in their gardens or along the hillsides even among mists and storms； did something to save him here； reinforcing natural cheerfulness and the warm desire to give pleasure。 His excessive elaboration of style； which grew upon him more and more； giving throughout often a sense of extreme artificiality and of the self…consciousness usually bred of it； is but another incidental proof of this。 And let no reader think that I wish here to decry R。 L。 Stevenson。 I only desire faithfully to try to understand him； and to indicate the class or group to which his genius and temperament really belong。 He is from first to last the idealistic dreamy or mystical romancer； and not the true idealist or dealer direct with life or character for its own sake。 The very beauty and sweetness of his spirit in one way militated against his dramatic success … he really did not believe in villains； and always made them better than they should have been； and that； too； on the very side where wickedness … their natural wickedness … is most available … on the stage。 The dreamer of dreams and the Shorter Catechist； strangely united together； were here directly at odds with the creative power； and crossed and misdirected it； and the casuist came in and manoeuvred the limelight … all too like the old devil of the mediaeval drama； who was made only to be laughed at and taken lightly； a buffoon