¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡400¡¡BC
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ON¡¡THE¡¡SURGERY
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡Hippocrates
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Translated¡¡by¡¡Francis¡¡Adams
¡¡¡¡IT¡¡IS¡¡the¡¡business¡¡of¡¡the¡¡physician¡¡to¡¡know£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»
things¡¡similar¡¡and¡¡things¡¡dissimilar£»¡¡those¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡things¡¡most
important£»¡¡most¡¡easily¡¡known£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡anywise¡¡known£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be
seen£»¡¡touched£»¡¡and¡¡heard£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡perceived¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sight£»
and¡¡the¡¡touch£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡hearing£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡nose£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tongue£»¡¡and
the¡¡understanding£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡known¡¡by¡¡all¡¡the¡¡means¡¡we¡¡know
other¡¡things¡£
¡¡¡¡2¡£¡¡The¡¡things¡¡relating¡¡to¡¡surgery£»¡¡are¡¡¡the¡¡patient£»¡¡the¡¡operator£»
the¡¡assistants£»¡¡the¡¡instruments£»¡¡the¡¡light£»¡¡where¡¡and¡¡how£»¡¡how¡¡many
things£»¡¡and¡¡how£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡instruments£»¡¡the¡¡time£»¡¡the
manner£»¡¡the¡¡place¡£
¡¡¡¡3¡£¡¡The¡¡operator¡¡is¡¡either¡¡sitting¡¡or¡¡standing£»¡¡conveniently¡¡for
himself£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡person¡¡operated¡¡upon£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡light¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two
kinds¡¡of¡¡light£»¡¡the¡¡common¡¡and¡¡the¡¡artificial£»¡¡the¡¡common¡¡is¡¡not¡¡at
our¡¡disposal£»¡¡the¡¡artificial¡¡is¡¡at¡¡our¡¡disposal¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡modes
of¡¡using¡¡each£»¡¡either¡¡to¡¡the¡¡light£»¡¡or¡¡from¡¡the¡¡light¡¡£¨to¡¡the
side£¿£©¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡little¡¡use¡¡of¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡from¡¡£¨or¡¡oblique¡¡to¡¡the
light£©£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡it¡¡is¡¡obvious¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡opposite¡¡the¡¡light£»
we¡¡must¡¡turn¡¡the¡¡part¡¡to¡¡be¡¡operated¡¡upon¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡most
brilliant¡¡of¡¡present¡¡and¡¡convenient¡¡lights£»¡¡unless¡¡those¡¡parts¡¡which
should¡¡be¡¡concealed£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡shame¡¡to¡¡look¡¡upon£»¡¡thus¡¡the
part¡¡that¡¡is¡¡operated¡¡upon¡¡should¡¡be¡¡opposite¡¡the¡¡light£»¡¡and¡¡the
operator¡¡opposite¡¡the¡¡part¡¡operated¡¡upon£»¡¡except¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡he
does¡¡not¡¡stand¡¡in¡¡his¡¡own¡¡light£»¡¡for¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡the¡¡operator¡¡will
indeed¡¡see£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡operated¡¡upon¡¡will¡¡not¡¡be¡¡seen¡£¡¡With
regard¡¡to¡¡himself¡¡when¡¡sitting£»¡¡his¡¡feet¡¡should¡¡be¡¡raised¡¡to¡¡a
direct¡¡line¡¡with¡¡his¡¡knees£»¡¡and¡¡nearly¡¡in¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡one¡¡another£»
the¡¡knees¡¡a¡¡little¡¡higher¡¡than¡¡the¡¡groins£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡some¡¡distance¡¡from
one¡¡another£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡elbows¡¡to¡¡rest¡¡upon¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡robe£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡neat¡¡and
orderly¡¡manner£»¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡thrown¡¡over¡¡the¡¡elbows¡¡and¡¡shoulders
equally¡¡and¡¡proportionally¡£¡¡With¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡part¡¡operated¡¡upon£»
we¡¡have¡¡to¡¡consider¡¡how¡¡far¡¡distant£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡near£»¡¡above£»¡¡below£»¡¡on
this¡¡side¡¡on¡¡that¡¡side£»¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡middle¡£¡¡The¡¡measure¡¡as¡¡to¡¡distance
and¡¡proximity¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡elbows¡¡do¡¡not¡¡press¡¡the¡¡knees¡¡before£»¡¡nor
the¡¡sides¡¡behind£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡be¡¡not¡¡raised¡¡higher¡¡than¡¡the
breasts£»¡¡nor¡¡lower¡¡than¡¡so¡¡as¡¡that¡¡when¡¡the¡¡breast¡¡reposes¡¡on¡¡the
knees¡¡he¡¡may¡¡have¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡at¡¡right¡¡angles¡¡with¡¡the¡¡arm£º¡¡thus¡¡it¡¡is
as¡¡regards¡¡the¡¡medium£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡concerns¡¡this¡¡side¡¡or¡¡that£»¡¡the¡¡operator
must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡beyond¡¡his¡¡be¡¡beyond¡¡his¡¡seat£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡proportion¡¡as¡¡he¡¡may
require¡¡turning¡¡he¡¡must¡¡shift¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡or¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body£»¡¡that¡¡is
operated¡¡upon¡£¡¡When¡¡standing£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡make¡¡his¡¡inspection£»¡¡resting
firmly¡¡and¡¡equally¡¡on¡¡both¡¡feet£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡must¡¡operate¡¡while
supporting¡¡himself¡¡upon¡¡either¡¡leg£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡the¡¡one¡¡on¡¡the¡¡same¡¡side
with¡¡the¡¡hand¡¡which¡¡he¡¡makes¡¡use¡¡of£»¡¡the¡¡knee¡¡being¡¡raised¡¡to¡¡the
height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡groins¡¡as¡¡while¡¡sitting£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡measures¡¡in
like¡¡manner¡£¡¡The¡¡person¡¡operated¡¡upon¡¡should¡¡accommodate¡¡the
operator¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡his¡¡body£»¡¡either
standing£»¡¡sitting£»¡¡or¡¡lying£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡that¡¡he¡¡may¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡preserve
his¡¡figure£»¡¡avoid¡¡sinking¡¡down£»¡¡shrinking¡¡from£»¡¡turning¡¡away£»¡¡and
may¡¡maintain¡¡the¡¡figure¡¡and¡¡position¡¡of¡¡the¡¡part¡¡operated¡¡upon£»¡¡during
the¡¡act¡¡of¡¡presentation£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡operation£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡subsequent
position¡£
¡¡¡¡4¡£¡¡The¡¡nails¡¡should¡¡be¡¡neither¡¡longer¡¡nor¡¡shorter¡¡than¡¡the¡¡points¡¡of
the¡¡fingers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡surgeon¡¡should¡¡practice¡¡with¡¡the¡¡extremities¡¡of
the¡¡fingers£»¡¡the¡¡index¡finger¡¡being¡¡usually¡¡turned¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thumb£»
when¡¡using¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡hand£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡prone£»¡¡when¡¡both¡¡hands£»
they¡¡should¡¡be¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡one¡¡another¡£¡¡It¡¡greatly¡¡promotes¡¡a¡¡dexterous
use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fingers¡¡when¡¡the¡¡space¡¡between¡¡them¡¡is¡¡large£»¡¡and¡¡when
the¡¡thumb¡¡is¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡index¡£¡¡But¡¡it¡¡is¡¡clearly¡¡a¡¡disease¡¡when
the¡¡thumb¡¡is¡¡impaired¡¡from¡¡birth£»¡¡or¡¡when£»¡¡from¡¡a¡¡habit¡¡contracted
during¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡nursing£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡impeded¡¡in¡¡its¡¡motions¡¡by¡¡the
fingers¡£¡¡One¡¡should¡¡practice¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡of¡¡work¡¡with¡¡either¡¡of¡¡with
either¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡both¡¡together¡¡£¨for¡¡they¡¡are¡¡both¡¡alike£©£»
endeavouring¡¡to¡¡do¡¡them¡¡well£»¡¡elegantly£»¡¡quickly£»¡¡without¡¡trouble£»
neatly£»¡¡and¡¡promptly¡£
¡¡¡¡5¡£¡¡The¡¡instruments£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡and¡¡how¡¡they¡¡should¡¡be¡¡prepared£»¡¡will
be¡¡treated¡¡of¡¡afterwards£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡they¡¡may¡¡not¡¡impede¡¡the¡¡work£»¡¡and
that¡¡there¡¡may¡¡be¡¡no¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡taking¡¡hold¡¡of¡¡them£»¡¡with¡¡the
part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡which¡¡operates¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡another¡¡gives¡¡them£»¡¡he¡¡must¡¡be
ready¡¡a¡¡little¡¡beforehand£»¡¡and¡¡do¡¡as¡¡you¡¡direct¡£
¡¡¡¡6¡£¡¡Those¡¡about¡¡the¡¡patient¡¡must¡¡present¡¡the¡¡part¡¡to¡¡be¡¡operated¡¡upon
as¡¡may¡¡seem¡¡proper£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡must¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡¡steady£»¡¡in
silence£»¡¡and¡¡listening¡¡to¡¡the¡¡commands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡operator¡£
¡¡¡¡7¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡views¡¡of¡¡bandaging£º¡¡that¡¡which¡¡regards¡¡it¡¡while
doing£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡which¡¡regards¡¡it¡¡when¡¡done¡£¡¡It¡¡should¡¡be¡¡done¡¡quickly£»
without¡¡pain£»¡¡with¡¡ease£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡elegance£»¡¡quickly£»¡¡by¡¡despatching
the¡¡without¡¡pain£»¡¡by¡¡being¡¡readily¡¡done£»¡¡with¡¡ease£»¡¡by¡¡being
prepared¡¡for¡¡everything£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡elegance£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be
agreeable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sight¡£¡¡By¡¡what¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡training¡¡these¡¡accomplishments
are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡acquired¡¡has¡¡been¡¡stated¡£¡¡When¡¡done£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡fit¡¡well
and¡¡neatly£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡neatly¡¡done¡¡when¡¡with¡¡judgment£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡it¡¡is¡¡equal
and¡¡unequal£»¡¡according¡¡as¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡are¡¡equal¡¡or¡¡unequal¡£¡¡The¡¡forms¡¡of
it¡¡£¨the¡¡bandage£¿£©¡¡are¡¡the¡¡simple£»¡¡the¡¡slightly¡¡winding¡¡£¨called¡¡ascia£©£»
the¡¡sloping¡¡£¨sima£©£»¡¡the¡¡monoculus£»¡¡the¡¡rhombus£»¡¡and¡¡the
semi¡rhombus¡£¡¡The¡¡form¡¡of¡¡bandage¡¡should¡¡be¡¡suitable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡form¡¡and
the¡¡affection¡¡of¡¡the¡¡part¡¡to¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡applied¡£
¡¡¡¡8¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡useful¡¡purposes¡¡to¡¡be¡¡fulfilled¡¡by¡¡bandaging£º
£¨first£»£©¡¡strength£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡imparted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡compression¡¡and¡¡the¡¡number
of¡¡folds¡£¡¡In¡¡one¡¡case¡¡the¡¡bandage¡¡effects¡¡the¡¡cure£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡another
it¡¡contributes¡¡to¡¡the¡¡cure¡£¡¡For¡¡these¡¡purposes¡¡this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡rule¡
that¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡the¡¡constriction¡¡be¡¡such¡¡as¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡adjoining
parts¡¡from¡¡separating£»¡¡without¡¡compressing¡¡them¡¡much£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡that
the¡¡parts¡¡may¡¡be¡¡adjusted¡¡but¡¡not¡¡forced¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the
constriction¡¡be¡¡small¡¡at¡¡the¡¡extremities£»¡¡and¡¡least¡¡of¡¡all¡¡in¡¡the
middle¡£¡¡The¡¡knot¡¡and¡¡the¡¡thread¡¡that¡¡is¡¡passed¡¡through¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be
in¡¡a¡¡downward¡¡but¡¡in¡¡an¡¡upward¡¡direction£»¡¡regard¡¡being¡¡had¡¡to¡¡the
circumstances¡¡under¡¡which¡¡the¡¡case¡¡is¡¡presented£»¡¡to¡¡position£»¡¡to¡¡the
bandaging£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡compression¡£¡¡The¡¡commencement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ligatures
is¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡wound£»¡¡but¡¡where¡¡the¡¡kriot¡¡is¡¡situated¡£¡¡The
knot¡¡should¡¡not¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡where¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡friction£»¡¡nor
where¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡way£»¡¡nor¡¡where¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡useless¡£¡¡The¡¡knot
and¡¡the¡¡thread¡¡should¡¡be¡¡soft£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡large¡£
¡¡¡¡9¡£¡¡£¨Second¡££©¡¡One¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡well¡¡aware¡¡that¡¡every¡¡bandage¡¡has¡¡a
tendency¡¡to¡¡fall¡¡off¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡part¡¡that¡¡declines¡¡or¡¡becomes
smaller£»¡¡as£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡upwards£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡and
downwards£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leg¡£¡¡The¡¡turns¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bandage¡¡should
be¡¡made¡¡from¡¡right¡¡to¡¡left£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡left¡¡to¡¡right£»¡¡except¡¡on¡¡the
head£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡in¡¡a¡¡straight¡¡direction¡£¡¡When¡¡opposite
parts¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡bandaged¡¡together£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡use¡¡a¡¡bandage¡¡with¡¡two
heads£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡we¡¡make¡¡use¡¡of¡¡a¡¡bandage¡¡with¡¡one¡¡head£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡attach¡¡it
in¡¡like¡¡manner¡¡at¡¡some¡¡fixed¡¡point£º¡¡such£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡middle
of¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡in¡¡other¡¡cases¡£¡¡Those¡¡parts¡¡which¡¡are¡¡much¡¡exposed
to¡¡motion£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡joints£»¡¡where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡flexion£»¡¡should¡¡have
few¡¡and¡¡slight¡¡bandages¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡as¡¡at¡¡the¡¡ham£»¡¡but¡¡where
there¡¡is¡¡much¡¡extension£»¡¡the¡¡bandage¡¡should¡¡be¡¡single¡¡and¡¡broad£»¡¡as¡¡at
the¡¡kneepan£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡maintenance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bandage¡¡in¡¡its¡¡proper
place£»¡¡some¡¡turns¡¡should¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡to¡¡those¡¡parts¡¡which¡¡are¡¡not
much¡¡moved£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡lank£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡above¡¡and¡¡below¡¡the
knee¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡shoulder£»¡¡a¡¡fold¡¡should¡¡be¡¡carried¡¡round¡¡by
the¡¡other¡¡armpit£»¡¡in¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡groin£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡flanks¡¡of¡¡the
opposite¡¡side£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leg£»¡¡to¡¡above¡¡the¡¡calf¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leg¡£¡¡When
the¡¡bandage¡¡has¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡to¡¡escape¡¡above£»¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡secured
below£»¡¡and¡¡vice¡¡versa£»¡¡and¡¡where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡means¡¡of¡¡doing¡¡this£»¡¡as
in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡the¡¡turns¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡made¡¡mostly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡most
level¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡head£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡folds¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡¡with¡¡as¡¡little
obliquity¡¡as¡¡possible£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡firmest¡¡part¡¡being¡¡last¡¡applied¡¡may
secure¡¡the¡¡portions¡¡which¡¡are¡¡more¡¡movable¡£¡¡When¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡secure
the¡¡bandaging¡¡by¡¡means¡¡of¡¡folds¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cloth£»¡¡nor¡¡by¡¡suspending¡¡them
from¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡side£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡have¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡stitching¡¡it¡¡with
ligatures£»¡¡either¡¡passed¡¡circularly¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡a¡¡seam¡£
¡¡¡¡10¡£¡¡The¡¡bandages¡¡should¡¡be¡¡clean£»¡¡light£»¡¡soft£»¡¡and¡¡thin¡£¡¡One
should¡¡practice¡¡rolling¡¡with¡¡both¡¡hands¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡either
separately¡£¡¡One¡¡should¡¡also¡¡choose¡¡a¡¡suitable¡¡one£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the
breadth¡¡and¡¡thickness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡parts¡£¡¡The¡¡heads¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bandages¡¡should
be¡¡hard£»¡¡smooth£»¡¡and¡¡neatly¡¡put¡¡on¡£¡¡That¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡bandaging¡¡is¡¡the
worst¡¡which¡¡quickly¡¡falls¡¡off£»¡¡but¡¡tho
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£
ÔÞÒ»ÏÂ
Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü