are the elephant； the one…horned rhinoceros； the Malayan tapir； and the
wild hog； the last held in abomination by the Malays； but constituting
the chief animal food of some of the wild tribes。
A small bear with a wistful face represents the Plantigrade family。 The
Quadrumana are very numerous。 There are nine monkeys； one； if not two
apes； and a lemur or sloth； which screens its eyes from the light。
Of the Digitigrada there are the otter or water…dog； the musang and
climbing musang； the civet cat； the royal tiger； the spotted black
tiger； in whose glossy raven…black coat the characteristic markings are
seen in certain lights； the tiger cat； the leopard； the Java cat； and
four or five others。 Many of these feline animals abound。
Among the ruminants are four species of deer； two smaller than a hare；
and one as large as an elk； a wild goat similar to the Sumatran
antelope； the domestic goat； a mean little beast； the buffalo； a great；
nearly hairless； gray or pink beast； bigger than the buffalo of China
and India； a short…legged domestic ox； and two wild oxen or bisons；
which are rare。
The bat family is not numerous。 The vampire flies high； in great
flocks； and is very destructive to fruit。 This frugiverous bat； known
popularly as the 〃flying fox；〃 is a very interesting…looking animal；
and is actually eaten by the people of Ternate。 At the height of the
fruit season； thousands of these creatures cross from Sumatra to the
mainland； a distance never less than forty miles。 Their strength of
wing is enormous。 I saw one captured in the steamer Nevada； forty…five
miles from the Navigators； with wings measuring； when extended； nearly
five feet across。 These are formed of a jet black membrane； and have a
highly polished claw at the extremity of each。 The feet consist of five
polished black claws； with which the bat hangs on； head downward； to
the forest trees。 His body is about twice the size of that of a very
large rat； black and furry underneath； and with red foxy fur on the
head and neck。 He has a pointed face； a very black nose； and prominent
black eyes； with a remorseless expression in them。 An edible bat of
vagrant habits is also found。
Ponies are imported from Sumatra； and a few horses from Australia； but
the latter do not thrive。
The domestic cat always looks as if half his tail had been taken off in
a trap。 The domestic dog is the Asiatic； not the European dog； a leggy；
ugly； vagrant； uncared…for fellow； furnishing a useful simile and
little more。
Weasels； squirrels； polecats； porcupines； and other small animals exist
in numbers； and the mermaid； of the genus Halicore； connects the
inhabitants of the land and water。 This Duyong； described as a
creature seven or eight feet long； with a head like that of an elephant
deprived of its proboscis； and the body and tail of a fish； frequents
the Sumatran and Malayan shores； and its flesh is held in great
estimation at the tables of sultans and rajahs。 Besides these （and the
list is long enough） there are many small beasts。
The reptiles are unhappily very numerous。 Crawfurd mentions forty
species of snakes； including the python and the cobra。 Alligators in
great numbers infest the tidal waters of the rivers。 Iguanas and
lizards of several species； marsh…frogs； and green tree…frogs abound。
The land…leeches are a great pest。 Scorpions and centipedes are
abundant。 There are many varieties of ants； among them a formidable…
looking black creature nearly two inches long； a large red ant； whose
bite is like a bad pinch from forceps； and which is the chief source of
formic acid； and the termes； or white ant； most destructive to timber。
The carpenter beetle is also found； an industrious insect； which
riddles the timber of any building in which he effects a lodgment； and
is as destructive as dry rot。 There are bees and wasps； and hornets of
large size； and a much…dreaded insect； possibly not yet classified；
said to be peculiar to the Peninsula； which inflicts so severe a wound
as to make a strong man utter a cry of agony。 But of all the pests the
mosquitoes are the worst。 A resident may spend some time in the country
and know nothing from experience of scorpions； centipedes；
land…leeches； and soldier ants； but he cannot escape from the mosquito；
the curse of these well…watered tropic regions。 In addition to the
night mosquito； there is a striped variety of large size； known as the
〃tiger mosquito；〃 much to be feared； for it pursues its bloodthirsty
work in the daytime。
Among the harmless insects may be mentioned the cicada； which fills the
forest with its cheery din； the green grasshopper； spiders； and flies
of several species； dragon…flies of large size and brilliant coloring；
and butterflies and moths of surpassing beauty； which delight in the
hot； moist； jungle openings； and even surpass the flowers in the glory
and variety of their hues。 Among them the atlas moth is found；
measuring from eight to ten inches across its wings。 The leaf insects
are also fascinating； and the fire…flies in a mangrove swamp on a
dark； still night； moving in gentle undulations； or flashing into
coruscations after brief intervals of quiescence； are inconceivably
beautiful。
The birds of the Peninsula are many and beautiful。 Sun…birds rival the
flashing colors of the humming…birds in the jungle openings；
king…fishers of large size and brilliant blue plumage make the river
banks gay； shrieking paroquets with coral…colored beaks and tender
green feathers； abound in the forests； great； heavy…billed hornbills
hop cumbrously from branch to branch； rivaling in their awkward gait
the rhinoceros hornbills； the Javanese peacock； with its gorgeous tail
and neck covered with iridescent green feathers instead of blue ones；
moves majestically along the jungle tracks； together with the ocellated
pheasant； the handsome and high…couraged jungle cock； and the glorious
Argus pheasant； a bird of twilight and night； with 〃a hundred eyes〃 on
each feather of its stately tail。
According to Mr。 Newbold； two birds of paradise （Paradisea regia and
Paradisea gularis） are natives of the Peninsula；* and among other
bright…winged creatures are the glorious crimson…feathered pergam； the
penciled pheasant； the peacock pheasant； the blue pheasant partridge；
the mina； and the dial bird； with an endless variety of parrots；
lories； green…feathered pigeons of various sizes； and wood…peckers。
Besides these there are falcons； owls； or 〃spectre birds；〃 sweet…voiced
butcher birds； storks； fly…catchers； and doves； and the swallow which
builds the gelatinous edible nest； which is the foundation of the
expensive luxury 〃Bird's Nest Soup；〃 frequents the verdant islands on
the coast。
＇*Mr。 Newbold is ordinarily so careful and accurate that it is almost
presumptuous to hint that in this particular case he may not have been
able to verify the statements of the natives by actual observation。＇
Nor are our own water birds wanting。 There are bitterns； rails；
wild…duck； teal； snipes； the common； gray； and whistling plover； green；
black； and red quails； and the sport on the plains and reedy marshes；
and along the banks of rivers； is most excellent。
Turtles abound off the coast； and tortoises； one variety with a hard
shell； and the other with a soft one and a rapid movement； are found in
swampy places。 The river fish are neither abundant nor much esteemed；
but the sea furnishes much of the food of both Malays and Chinese； and
the dried and salted fish prepared on the coast is considered very
good。
At European tables in the settlements the red mullet； a highly prized
fish； the pomfret； considered more delicious than the turbot； and the
tungeree； with cray…fish； crabs； prawns； and shrimps； are usually seen。
The tongue…fish； something like a sole； the gray mullet； the
hammer…headed shark； and various fish； with vivid scarlet and yellow
stripes alternating with black； are eaten； along with cockles； 〃razor
shells；〃 and king…crabs。 The lover of fishy beauty is abundantly
gratified by the multitudes of fish of brilliant colors； together with
large medusae； which dart or glide through the sunlit waters among the
coral…groves； where every coral spray is gemmed with zoophytes； whose
rainbow…tinted arms sway with the undulations of the water； and where
sea…snakes writhe themselves away into the recesses of coral caves。
Nature is so imposing； so magnificent； and so prolific on the Malay
Peninsula； that one naturally gives man the secondary place which I
have assigned to him in this chapter。 The whole population of the
Golden Chersonese； a region as large as Great Britain； is not more than
three…quarters of a million； and less than a half of this is Malay。
Neither great wars； nor an ancient history； nor a valuable literature；
nor stately ruins； nor barbaric splendors； attract scholars or
sight…seers to the Peninsula。
The Malays are not the Aborigines of this singular spit of land； and；
they are its colonists rather than its conquerors。 Their histories；
which are chiefly traditional； state that the extremity of the
Peninsula was peopled by a Malay emigration from Sumatra about the
middle of the twelfth century； and that the de