st no settlement； but over a few forts on the upper Mississippi and in the regions lying eastward to the Detroit River there was that flicker of a red flag which meant that the Northwest was under British rule。 George Rogers Clark； like Washington a Virginian land surveyor； was a strong； reckless； brave frontiersman。 Early in 1778 Virginia gave him a small sum of money； made him a lieutenant colonel； and authorized him to raise troops for a western adventure。 He had less than two hundred men when he appeared a little later at Kaskaskia near the Mississippi in what is now Illinois and captured the small British garrison； with the friendly consent of the French settlers about the fort。 He did the same thing at Cahokia； farther up the river。 The French scattered through the western country naturally sided with the Americans； fighting now in alliance with France。 The British sent out a force from Detroit to try to check the efforts of Clark； but in February； 1779； the indomitable frontiersman surprised and captured this force at Vincennes on the Wabash。 Thus did Clark's two hundred famished and ragged men take possession of the Northwest； and； when peace was made； this vast domain； an empire in extent； fell to the United States。 Clark's exploit is one of the pregnant romances of history。*
* See Chapters III and IV in 〃The Old Northwest〃 by Frederic Austin Ogg in 〃The Chronicles of America〃。
Perhaps the most sorrowful phase of the Revolution was the internal conflict waged between its friends and its enemies in America； where neighbor fought against neighbor。 During this pitiless struggle the strength of the Loyalists tended steadily to decline； and they came at last to be regarded everywhere by triumphant revolution as a vile people who should bear the penalties of outcasts。 In this attitude towards them Boston had given a lead which the rest of the country eagerly followed。 To coerce Loyalists local committees sprang up everywhere。 It must be said that the Loyalists gave abundant provocation。 They sneered at rebel officers of humble origin as convicts and shoeblacks。 There should be some fine hanging； they promised； on the return of the King's men to Boston。 Early in the Revolution British colonial governors； like Lord Dunmore of Virginia； adopted the policy of reducing the rebels by harrying their coasts。 Sailors would land at night from ships and commit their ravages in the light of burning houses。 Soldiers would dart out beyond the British lines； burn a village； carry off some Whig farmers； and escape before opposing forces could rally。 Governor Tryon of New York was specially active in these enterprises and to this day a special odium attaches to his name。
For these ravages； and often with justice； the Loyalists were held responsible。 The result was a bitterness which fired even the calm spirit of Benjamin Franklin and led him when the day came for peace to declare that the plundering and murdering adherents of King George were the ones who should pay for damage and not the States which had confiscated Loyalist property。 Lists of Loyalist names were sometimes posted and then the persons concerned were likely to be the victims of any one disposed to mischief。 Sometimes a suspected Loyalist would find an effigy hung on a tree before his own door with a hint that next time the figure might be himself。 A musket ball might come whizzing through his window。 Many a Loyalist was stripped； plunged in a barrel of tar； and then rolled in feathers； taken sometimes from his own bed。
Punishment for loyalism was not； however； left merely to chance。 Even before the Declaration of Independence； Congress； sitting itself in a city where loyalism was strong； urged the States to act sternly in repressing Loyalist opinion。 They did not obey every urging of Congress as eagerly as they responded to this one。 In practically every State Test Acts were passed and no one was safe who did not carry a certificate that he was free of any suspicion of loyalty to King George。 Magistrates were paid a fee for these certificates and thus had a golden reason for insisting that Loyalists should possess them。 To secure a certificate the holder must forswear allegiance to the King and promise support to the State at war with him。 An unguarded word even about the value in gold of the continental dollar might lead to the adding of the speaker's name to the list of the proscribed。 Legislatures passed bills denouncing Loyalists。 The names in Massachusetts read like a list of the leading families of New England。 The 〃Black List〃 of Pennsylvania contained four hundred and ninety names of Loyalists charged with treason； and Philadelphia had the grim experience of seeing two Loyalists led to the scaffold with ropes around their necks and hanged。 Most of the persecuted Loyalists lost all their property and remained exiles from their former homes。 The self…appointed committees took in hand the task of disciplining those who did not fly； and the rabble often pushed matters to brutal extremes。 When we remember that Washington himself regarded Tories as the vilest of mankind and unfit to live； we can imagine the spirit of mobs； which had sometimes the further incentive of greed for Loyalist property。 Loyalists had the experience of what we now call boycotting when they could not buy or sell in the shops and were forced to see their own shops plundered。 Mills would not grind their corn。 Their cattle were maimed and poisoned。 They could not secure payment of debts due to them or； if payment was made； they received it in the debased continental currency at its face value。 They might not sue in a court of law； nor sell their property； nor make a will。 It was a felony for them to keep arms。 No Loyalist might hold office； or practice law or medicine； or keep a school。
Some Loyalists were deported to the wilderness in the back country。 Many took refuge within the British lines； especially at New York。 Many Loyalists created homes elsewhere。 Some went to England only to find melancholy disillusion of hope that a grateful motherland would understand and reward their sacrifices。 Large numbers found their way to Nova Scotia and to Canada； north of the Great Lakes； and there played a part in laying the foundation of the Dominion of today。 The city of Toronto with a population of half a million is rooted in the Loyalist traditions of its Tory founders。 Simcoe； the first Governor of Upper Canada； who made Toronto his capital； was one of the most enterprising of the officers who served with Cornwallis in the South and surrendered with him at Yorktown。
The State of New York acquired from the forfeited lands of Loyalists a sum approaching four million dollars； a great amount in those days。 Other States profited in a similar way。 Every Loyalist whose property was seized had a direct and personal grievance。 He could join the British army and fight against his oppressors； and this he did： New York furnished about fifteen thousand men to fight on the British side。 Plundered himself； he could plunder his enemies； and this too he did both by land and sea。 In the autumn of 1778 ships manned chiefly by Loyalist refugees were terrorizing the coast from Massachusetts to New Jersey。 They plundered Martha's Vineyard； burned some lesser towns； such as New Bedford； and showed no quarter to small parties of American troops whom they managed to intercept。
What happened on the coast happened also in the interior。 At Wyoming in the northeastern part of Pennsylvania； in July； 1778； during a raid of Loyalists； aided by Indians； there was a brutal massacre； the horrors of which long served to inspire hate for the British。 A little later in the same year similar events took place at Cherry Valley； in central New York。 Burning houses； the dead bodies not only of men but of women and children scalped by the savage allies of the Loyalists； desolation and ruin in scenes once peaceful and happy such horrors American patriotism learned to associate with the Loyalists。 These in their turn remembered the slow martyrdom of their lives as social outcasts； the threats and plunder which in the end forced them to fly； the hardships； starvation； and death to their loved ones which were wont to follow。 The conflict is perhaps the most tragic and irreconcilable in the whole story of the Revolution。
CHAPTER X。 FRANCE TO THE RESCUE
During 1778 and 1779 French effort had failed。 Now France resolved to do something decisive。 She never sent across the sea the eight thousand men promised to La Fayette but by the spring of 1780 about this number were gathered at Brest to find that transport was inadequate。 The leader was a French noble； the Comte de Rochambeau； an old campaigner； now in his fifty…fifth year； who had fought against England before in the Seven Years' War and had then been opposed by Clinton； Cornwallis； and Lord George Germain。 He was a sound and prudent soldier who shares with La Fayette the chief glory of the French service in America。 Rochambeau had fought at the second battle of Minden； where the father of La Fayette had fallen； and he had for the ardent young Frenchman the amiable regard of a father and sometimes rebuked his impulsiveness in that spirit。 He studied the problem in America with the i