； for instance； have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered as having taken out such and such a book； for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking。
J。D。 BERNAL The Social Function of Science
New words and expressions
secrecy
n。 秘密
effectiveness
n。 成效，效力
inquiry
n。 调查研究
positive
adj。 确实的
process
n。 过程
patent
n。 专利；
v。 得到专利权
agent
n。 情报人员
参考译文
有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛；二是研究人员缺乏个人自由。任何一项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研究属于一般和基础的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。在这化学工业方面尤为突出。同物理和机械工业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整个性质都不准提及。比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们公司的名字和借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的某项科研项目。
Lesson 16
The modern city
现代城市
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the author's main argument about the modern city？
In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been pletely neglected。 Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost； in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible。 It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines； and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory。 The great cities have been built with no regard for us。 The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum ine per square foot of ground； and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them。 This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded together。 Civilized men like such a way of living。 While they enjoy the fort and banal luxury of their dwelling； they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life。 The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark； narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases； torn by the noise of the taxicabs； lorries and buses； and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds。 Obviously； it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants。
ALEXIS CARREL Man； the Unknown
New words and expressions 生词和短语
physiological
adj。 生理的
maximum
adj。 最大限度的
consideration
n。 考虑
descendant
n。 子孙，后代
artificial
n。 人工的
impose
v。 强加
dimension
n。 直径
skyscraper
n。 摩天大楼
tenant
n。 租户
civilized
adj。 文明的
banal
adj。 平庸
luxury
n。 豪华
deprive
v。 剥夺
monstrous
adj。 畸形的
edifice
n。 大厦
toxic
adj。 有毒的
ceaselessly
adv。 不停地
throng
v。 挤满，壅塞
参考译文
在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。现代工业的基本概念是：以最低成本获取最多产品，为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。现代工业发展起来了，却根本没想到操作机器的人的本质。工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。大城市的建设毫不关心我们。摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公室和住房。这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地而起，大厦内众多的人挤地一起。文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒适和庸俗的豪华时，却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和有毒气体，出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍，络绎不绝的人群挤来挤去。显然，现代化的城市不是这居民的利益而规划的。
Lesson 17
A man…made disease
人为的疾病
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What factor helped to spread the disease of myxomatosis？
In the early days of the settlement of Australia； enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit。 This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes； so that it multiplied with that promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits。 It overran a whole continent。 It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle。 Scientists discovered that this particular variety of rabbit （and apparently no other animal） was susceptible to a fatal virus disease； myxomatosis。 By infecting animals and letting them loose in the burrows； local epidemics of this disease could be created。 Later it was found that there was a type of mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits。 So while the rest of the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes； Australia was encouraging this one。 It effectively spread the disease all over the continent and drastically reduced the rabbit population。 It later became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease； so that the rabbit population was unlikely to be pletely exterminated。 There were hopes； however； that the problem of the rabbit would bee manageable。
Ironically； Europe； which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia； acquired this man…made disease as a pestilence。 A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and introduced myxomatosis。 It did not； however； remain within the confines of his estate。 It spread through France； Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food supply； and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated rabbits； equally susceptible to the disease； are the basis of a profitable fur industry。 The question became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented。
RITCHIE CALDER Science Makes Sense
New words and expressions 生词和短语
settlement
n。 新拓居地
enterprising
adj。 有事业心的
settler
n。 移居者
Antipodes
n。 新西兰和澳大利亚（英）
promiscuous
adj。 杂乱的
abandon
n。 放任，纵情
overrun
v。 蔓延，泛滥
devastation
n。 破坏，劫掠
burrow
v。 挖、掘
susceptible
adj。 易受感染的
virus
n。 病毒
myxomatosis
n。 多发性粘液瘤
infect
v。 传染
epidemic
n。 流行病
mosquito
n。 蚊虫
carrier
n。 带菌者
exterminate
v。 消灭
ironically
adv。 具有讽刺意味地
bequeath
v。 把。。。传给
pest
n。 害虫，有害动物
pestilence
n。 瘟疫
confine
n。 范围
domesticate
v。 驯养
参考译文
在澳大利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。整个澳洲兔子成灾。它们在地下打洞，吃掉本可以饲养数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破坏。科学家们发现，这种特殊品种的兔子（显然不包括别的动物）易患一种叫“多发性粘液瘤”的致命毒性疾病。通过让染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延起来。后来又发现，有一种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的数目在为减少。后来，明显看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。但是，已有希望解决兔子所带来的问题。
具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲把这种兔子作为有害动物传给澳洲，而欧洲自己却染上了这种人为的瘟疫般的疾病。一位法国内科医生决定除掉自己庄园内的野兔子，于是引进了这种多发性粘液瘤疾病。然而，这种疾病并未被局限在他的庄园内，结果在整个法国蔓延开来。野兔在法国一般不被当作有害动物，而被视为打猎取乐的玩物和有用的食物来源。这种疾病又蔓延到了英国。在英国，野兔被当作有害的动物，可是家兔是赚钱的毛皮工业的基础，然而家兔同样易感染这种疾病。现在的问题是，人类能否控制住这种人为的疾病。
Lesson 18
Porpoises
海豚
First listen and then answer the following question。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What would you say is the main characteristic of porpoises？
There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface； or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation。 Marine Studio biologists have pointed out that； however intelligent they may be； it is probably a mistake to credit dolphins with any motive of lifesaving。 On the occasions when they have pushed to shore an unconscious human being they have much more likely done it out of curiosity or for sport； as in riding the bow waves of a ship。 In 1928 some porpoises were photographer wor