of facts indeed； generally plex； and if a logical connection subsists between their constituents； have all the positive attributes of theories。
Nevertheless； this distinction； however inadequate it may be to explain the source of true method in science； is well founded； and connotes an important character in true method。 A fact is a proposition of simple。 A theory； on the other hand； if true has all the characteristics of a fact； except that its verification is possible only by indirect； remote； and difficult means。 To convert theories into facts is to add simple verification； and the theory thus acquires the full characteristics of a fact。
1。 The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is
＇A＇。 Philosophy of mathematics。 ＇B＇。 The Recent Growth in Science。
＇C＇。 The Verification of Facts。 ＇C＇。 Methods of Scientific Inquiry。
2。 According to the author； one possible reason for the growth of science during the days of the ancient Greeks and in modern times is
＇A＇。 the similarity between the two periods。
＇B＇。 that it was an act of God。
＇C＇。 that both tried to develop the inductive method。
＇D＇。 due to the decline of the deductive method。
3。 The difference between “fact” and “theory”
＇A＇。 is that the latter needs confirmation。
＇B＇。 rests on the simplicity of the former。
＇C＇。 is the difference between the modern scientists and the ancient Greeks。
＇D＇。 helps us to understand the deductive method。
4。 According to the author； mathematics is
＇A＇。 an inductive science。 ＇B＇。 in need of simple verification。
＇C＇。 a deductive science。 ＇D＇。 based on fact and theory。
5。 The statement “Theories are facts” may be called。
＇A＇。 a metaphor。 ＇B＇。 a paradox。
＇C＇。 an appraisal of the inductive and deductive methods。
＇D＇。 a pun。
Vocabulary
1。 inductive 归纳法
induction n。归纳法
2。 deductive 演绎法
deduction n。演绎法
3。 culmination 到达顶/极点
4。 conversant （with） 熟悉的，精通的
5。 exercise 运用，实行，执行仪式
singular 卓越的，非凡的，独一无二的
6。 conjunction 结合，同时发生
7。 omnipotence 全能，无限权/威力
8。 Providence （大写）指上帝，天道，天令
9。 monplace 平凡的，陈腐的
10。 inquiry 调查，探究（真理，知识等）
11。 doctrine 教义，学说，讲义
12。 correlative 相互关联的
13。 antithesis 对立面，对偶（修辞学中），对句
14。 coordinate 同等的，并列的
15。 subsist 生存，维持生活
16。 attribute 特征，属性
17。 connote 意味着，含蓄（指词内涵）
难句译注
1。 Why the inductive and mathematical sciences； after their first rapid development at the culmination of Greek civilization； advanced so slowly for two thousand years are questions which have interested the modern philosopher not less than the objects with which these sciences are more immediately conversant。
＇结构简析＇ 破折号后面的内容（见难句译注2）先撇开。这样便于理解，整个句子是主谓表结构，前面一个问题句作主语，question后跟一个定语从句，和not less than连接的表语。
＇参考译文＇ 为什么归纳发和数学科学，在希腊文明达到顶点时首先快速发展后，两千年内进展缓慢，现在哲学家对这个问题的兴趣不亚于对这些科学很熟悉研究的对象。
2。 …—and why in the following two hundred years a knowledge of natural and mathematical science has accumulated； which so vastly exceeds all that was previously known that these sciences may be justly regarded as the products of our own times—…
＇参考译文＇ 问什么在后来的二百年中自然科学数理科学积累起来，它们广泛的超越了过去已知的一切，所以就把这些科学视为我们时代的产品。
3。 arrested development 停滞发展（被制止了的发展）。
4。 Or should we ascribe the characteristics of both periods to so…called historical accidents—to the influence of conjunctions in circumstances of which no explanation is possible； save in the omnipotence and wisdom of a guiding Providence？
＇参考译文＇ 或者我们是否应当把两个阶段的特点归因于所谓的历史的偶然性（意外事件）——归因于客观环境中相似（结合）的影响。这一点除非以指导一切的上帝的智慧和无限权利来解释，否则难以解说清楚。
写作方法与文章大意
这是篇议论文，论及科学探索的方法，总体是因果写法，具体分析又是对比写法。作者采用问答方式探究为什么希腊文明顶峰之后两千年，科技发展缓慢，而最近两百年又迅速发展超越前人，其原因在哪里？是采用新，旧方法所致，历史之偶然性，还是上天安排。
然后以现代用归纳法，古代用演绎法太狭隘说明科学总是在观察，实验，检验，证实中前进。但事实难以解释慢和快的现象。最后以“对立”——事实和理论对立古代重视事实来解释。然这两者是对立的统一。真正的理论就是事实。事实，构成之间具逻辑联系，就具有理论的一切正面特性。这种区分虽不足以解释科学研究中真正方法，但奠定了良好的基础，含有真正方法中的重要特性。
答案祥解
1。 D。 科学研究/探索的方法。文章一开始就提出问题，为什么从希腊文化顶峰时期后两千年来归纳法和数学科学发展如此缓慢，而后的两百年又超越了前人，是应用新，旧方法关系还是其它（见难句译注1，2）。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察，实验；忽略相关事实，推理不慎；不能答出理论的结论，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，通过什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的原因。第四，五段涉及事实和理论的关系。
A。 数学的哲学，文内没有提。 B。 近来科学的发展。 C。 事实的验证，只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。
2。 B。 是上天的安排，这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译注4，第一段最后一句话。
A。 两个阶段的相似性。 。 两者都试图应用归纳法。 D。 由于演绎法的衰落。
3。 A。 后者需要证实。答案在第四，五段，死段试图在事实的对立面和理论，或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭批评。因为，对立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。
B。 前者简单。 C。 是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。 D。 帮助我们了解演绎法，三项都不对。
4。 C。 是推理演绎科学，这个问题常识就能回答。
A。 归纳法科学。 B。 需要简单证实。 D。 基于事实和理论。
5。 B。 是一个悖论，见第四，五段注释。
A。 比喻。 C。 对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。 D。 双关语。
Passage Four （It Is Bush）
On the 36th day after they had voted； Americans finally learned Wednesday who would be their next president： Governor George W。 Bush of Texas。
Vice President Al Gore； his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a U。 S。 Supreme Court decision late Tuesday； planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes； advisers said。
They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman； his vice presidential running mate； would first make brief ments。 The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the Old Executive office Building； to the west of the White House。
The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr。 Gore’s unprecedented fight to claw a e…from…behind electoral victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down。
“The vice president has directed the recount mittee to suspend activities；” William Daley； the Gore campaign chairman； said in a written statement。
Mr。 Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife； Tipper； and with top advisers including Mr。 Daley。
He was expected to telephone Mr。 Bush during the day。 The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly； as if to leave space for Mr。 Gore to contemplate his next steps。
Yet； at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had focused world attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida； and on courtrooms form Miami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to bee the 43d U。 S。 president。
The news of Mr。 Gore’s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over a U。 S。 presidential election in more than a century； one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country。
It was a bitter ending for Mr。 Gore； who had outpolled Mr。 Bush nationwide by some 300000 votes； but； without Florida； fell short in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267—the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876。
Mr。 Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt was a partisan decision from the nation’s highest court。
The 5…to –4 decision of the Supreme Court held； in essence； that while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and constitutional fashion； as Mr。 Gore had sought； this could not be done by the Dec。 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors。
James B