metaphysical juggling）； but as a critique of understanding and
reason in regard to their hyperphysical use。 This critique will expose
the groundless nature of the pretensions of these two faculties； and
invalidate their claims to the discovery and enlargement of our
cognitions merely by means of transcendental principles； and show that
the proper employment of these faculties is to test the judgements
made by the pure understanding； and to guard it from sophistical
delusion。
Transcendental Logic。 FIRST DIVISION。
TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTIC。
SS I。
Transcendental analytic is the dissection of the whole of our a
priori knowledge into the elements of the pure cognition of the
understanding。 In order to effect our purpose； it is necessary： （1）
That the conceptions be pure and not empirical； （2） That they belong
not to intuition and sensibility； but to thought and understanding；
（3） That they be elementary conceptions； and as such； quite
different from deduced or pound conceptions； （4） That our table
of these elementary conceptions be plete； and fill up the whole
sphere of the pure understanding。 Now this pleteness of a science
cannot be accepted with confidence on the guarantee of a mere estimate
of its existence in an aggregate formed only by means of repeated
experiments and attempts。 The pleteness which we require is
possible only by means of an idea of the totality of the a priori
cognition of the understanding； and through the thereby determined
division of the conceptions which form the said whole； consequently；
only by means of their connection in a system。 Pure understanding
distinguishes itself not merely from everything empirical； but also
pletely from all sensibility。 It is a unity self…subsistent；
self…sufficient； and not to be enlarged by any additions from without。
Hence the sum of its cognition constitutes a system to be determined
by and prised under an idea； and the pleteness and
articulation of this system can at the same time serve as a test of
the correctness and genuineness of all the parts of cognition that
belong to it。 The whole of this part of transcendental logic
consists of two books； of which the one contains the conceptions；
and the other the principles of pure understanding。
BOOK I。
Analytic of Conceptions。 SS 2
By the term Analytic of Conceptions； I do not understand the
analysis of these； or the usual process in philosophical
investigations of dissecting the conceptions which present themselves；
according to their content； and so making them clear； but I mean the
hitherto little attempted dissection of the faculty of understanding
itself； in order to investigate the possibility of conceptions a
priori； by looking for them in the understanding alone； as their
birthplace； and analysing the pure use of this faculty。 For this is
the proper duty of a transcendental philosophy； what remains is the
logical treatment of the conceptions in philosophy in general。 We
shall therefore follow up the pure conceptions even to their germs and
beginnings in the human understanding； in which they lie； until they
are developed on occasions presented by experience； and； freed by
the same understanding from the empirical conditions attaching to
them； are set forth in their unalloyed purity。
CHAPTER I。 Of the Transcendental Clue to the Discovery of all Pure
Conceptions of the Understanding。
Introductory。 SS 3
When we call into play a faculty of cognition； different conceptions
manifest themselves according to the different circumstances； and make
known this faculty； and assemble themselves into a more or less
extensive collection； according to the time or penetration that has
been applied to the consideration of them。 Where this process；
conducted as it is mechanically； so to speak； will end； cannot be
determined with certainty。 Besides； the conceptions which we
discover in this haphazard manner present themselves by no means in
order and systematic unity； but are at last coupled together only
according to resemblances to each other； and arranged in series；
according to the quantity of their content； from the simpler to the
more plex… series which are anything but systematic； though not
altogether without a certain kind of method in their construction。
Transcendental philosophy has the advantage； and moreover the
duty； of searching for its conceptions according to a principle；
because these conceptions spring pure and unmixed out of the
understanding as an absolute unity； and therefore must be connected
with each other according to one conception or idea。 A connection of
this kind； however； furnishes us with a ready prepared rule； by
which its proper place may be assigned to every pure conception of the
understanding； and the pleteness of the system of all be determined
a priori… both which would otherwise have been dependent on mere
choice or chance。
SECTION 1。 Of defined above Use of understanding in General。 SS 4
The understanding was defined above only negatively； as a
non…sensuous faculty of cognition。 Now； independently of
sensibility； we cannot possibly have any intuition； consequently；
the understanding is no faculty of intuition。 But besides intuition
there is no other mode of cognition； except through conceptions；
consequently； the cognition of every； at least of every human；
understanding is a cognition through conceptions… not intuitive； but
discursive。 All intuitions； as sensuous； depend on affections；
conceptions； therefore； upon functions。 By the word function I
understand the unity of the act of arranging diverse representations
under one mon representation。 Conceptions； then； are based on the
spontaneity of thought； as sensuous intuitions are on the
receptivity of impressions。 Now； the understanding cannot make any
other use of these conceptions than to judge by means of them。 As no
representation； except an intuition； relates immediately to its
object； a conception never relates immediately to an object； but
only to some other representation thereof； be that an intuition or
itself a conception。 A judgement； therefore； is the mediate
cognition of an object； consequently the representation of a
representation of it。 In every judgement there is a conception which
applies to； and is valid for many other conceptions； and which among
these prehends also a given representation； this last being
immediately connected with an object。 For example； in the judgement…
〃All bodies are divisible；〃 our conception of divisible applies to
various other conceptions； among these； however； it is here
particularly applied to the conception of body； and this conception of
body relates to certain phenomena which occur to us。 These objects；
therefore； are mediately represented by the conception of
divisibility。 All judgements； accordingly； are functions of unity in
our representations； inasmuch as； instead of an immediate； a higher
representation； which prises this and various others； is used for
our cognition of the object； and thereby many possible cognitions
are collected into one。 But we can reduce all acts of the
understanding to judgements； so that understanding may be
represented as the faculty of judging。 For it is； according to what
has been said above； a faculty of thought。 Now thought is cognition by
means of conceptions。 But conceptions； as predicates of possible
judgements； relate to some representation of a yet undetermined
object。 Thus the conception of body indicates something… for
example； metal… which can be cognized by means of that conception。
It is therefore a conception； for the reason alone that other
representations are contained under it； by means of which it can
relate to objects。 It is therefore the predicate to a possible
judgement； for example： 〃Every metal is a body。〃 All the functions
of the understanding therefore can be discovered； when we can
pletely exhibit the functions of unity in judgements。 And that this
may be effected very easily； the following section will show。
SECTION II。 Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in
Judgements。 SS 5
If we abstract all the content of a judgement； and consider only the
intellectual form thereof； we find that the function of thought in a
judgement can be brought under four heads； of which each contains
three momenta。 These may be conveniently represented in the
following table：
1
Quantity of judgements
Universal
Particular
Singular
2 3
Quality Relation
Affirmative Categorical
Negative Hypothetical
Infinite Disjunctive
4
Modality
Problematical
Assertorical