judiciary and the police。
§ 288 Corporations； &c。； will be appointed by a mixture of popular election and ratification by
higher authority。
§ 289 （a） the executive civil servants； and （b） the higher advisory officials。
§ 290 Division of labour in the business of the executive。
§ 291 The objective factor in the appointment of officials is knowledge and proof of ability。
§ 292 Since the qualification for the civil service is not genius； there is an indefinite plurality of
eligible candidates。
§ 293 While the actions of the officials are their duty； their office is also a right exempt from
contingency。
§ 294 Once an individual has been appointed by the sovereign's act； his tenure is conditional on
his fulfilling its duties。
§ 295 Security against misuse of power by officials lies in their hierarchical accountability； & the
authority of the Corporations。
§ 296 Officials gain the habit of adopting universal interests； points of view； and activities。
§ 297 The sovereign works on the middle class at the top； and Corporations work on it at the
bottom。
_____（c） The Legislature
§ 298 The legislature is itself a part of the constitution but the constitution develops with the
further elaboration of laws。
§ 299 ＇a＇ provision by the state for their well…being and happiness； and ＇b＇ the exaction of
services from them。
§ 300 The last moment in the legislature is the Estates。
§ 301 The Estates have the function of bringing public affairs into existence not only implicitly； but
also actually。
§ 302 The Estates stand between the government on one hand and the nation broken up into
particulars on the other。
§ 303 The class of civil servants must have the universal as the end of its essential activity。
§ 304 The Estates still retain the class distinctions already present in the lower spheres of civil life。
§ 305 Members of the agricultural class attain their position by birth； just as the monarch does。
§ 306 The agricultural class is particularly fitted for political position。
§ 307 The right of this section of the agricultural class is based on the natural principle of the
family。
§ 308 The section of the Estates comprises the fluctuating element & can enter politics only
through its deputies。
§ 309 Deputies are elected to deliberate on public affair on the strength of confidence felt in them。
§ 310 The deputy acquires and develops a managerial and political sense； tested by his
experience。
§ 311 Since civil society is the electorate； the deputies should be conversant with its particular
interests。
§ 312 Each class in the Estates contributes something peculiarly its own to the work of
deliberation。
§ 313 The upper and lower houses。
§ 314 The distinctive purpose of the Estates is in their pooled political knowledge。
§ 315 Public opinion reaches thoughts that are true and attains insight into the concept of the state
and its affairs。
§ 316 Public opinion is a standing self…contradiction； the essential is just as directly present as the
inessential。
§ 317 Public opinion has common sense； but is infected by accidents of opinion； ignorance and
perversity。
§ 318 To be independent of public opinion is the first formal condition of achieving anything great
or rational。
§ 319 Free speech is assured by the innocuous character which it acquires as a result of the
stability of government。
§ 320 Subjectivity is manifested in the substantial will of the state； the subjectivity of the crown。
_____Foreign relations
§ 321 The state has individuality； and in the sovereign an actual； immediate individual。
§ 322 Individuality manifests itself in the state as a relation to other states。
§ 323 The relation of one state to another is that moment in the state which is most supremely its
own。
§ 324 The individual's duty is to maintain the sovereignty of the state； at the risk and sacrifice of
property and life。
§ 325 Sacrifice on behalf of the state is the substantial tie between the state and all its members。
§ 326 If the state as such is in jeopardy； all its citizens are in duty bound to answer the summons
to its defence。
§ 327 The courageous man's motive may be some particular reason or other； and even the result
not intended。
§ 328 The work of courage is to actualise this final end； the sovereignty of the state。
§ 329 It directly devolves on the monarch to command the armed forces and to conduct foreign
affairs。
___B： International Law
§ 330 International law springs from the relations between autonomous states。
§ 331 The nation state is mind in its substantive rationality and immediate actuality — the absolute
power on earth。
§ 332 The subject…matter of these contracts between states is infinitely less varied than it is in civil
society。
§ 333 The fundamental proposition of international law is that treaties ought to be kept。
§ 334 It follows that if states disagree； the matter can only be settled by war。
§ 335 Danger threatening from another state is a cause of strife。
§ 336 Welfare is the highest law governing the relation of one state to another。
§ 337 Government is a matter of particular wisdom； not of universal Providence。
§ 338 War should be not waged against domestic institutions； against the peace of family and
private life。
§ 339 Relations between states depend principally upon the customs of nations。
§ 340 The mind of the world； exercises its right in the 'history of the world which is the world's
court of judgement'。
___C： World History
§ 341 World history is a court of judgement。
§ 342 World history is not the verdict of mere might； but actualisation of the universal mind。
§ 343 The history of mind is its own act。
§ 344 States； nations； and individuals are all the time the unconscious tools of the world mind at
work within them。
§ 345 Each stage of world…history is a necessary moment in the Idea of the world mind。
§ 346 History is mind clothing itself with the form of events。
§ 347 The nation ascribed a moment of the Idea is entrusted with giving complete effect to it。
§ 348 World…historical actions； culminate with individuals as subjects — living instruments of the
world mind。
§ 349 The transition from a family； a horde； &c。； to political conditions is the realisation of the
Idea as that nation。
§ 350 The right of heroes to found states。
§ 351 Civilised nations are justified in regarding as barbarians those who lag behind them in
institutions。
§ 352 Four world…historical realms。
§ 353 The substantial mind； ethical individuality as beauty； mind…forsaken & actual laws。
§ 354 （1） The Oriental； （2） Greek； （3） Roman； and （4） Germanic principle。
§ 355 （1） The Oriental realm。
§ 356 （2） The Greek realm。
§ 357 （3） The Roman realm。
§ 358 （4） The Germanic realm。
§ 359 The power of mind over the mundane heart； acts against the latter as a compulsive and
frightful force。
§ 360 The realm of mind lowers itself to an earthly here and now and the mundane realm builds
up into thought。
Preface
THE immediate occasion for publishing these outlines is the need of placing in the
bands of my hearers a guide to my professional lectures upon the Philosophy of
Right。 Hitherto I have used as lectures that portion of the Encyclopaedia of the
Philosophic Sciences （1817） which deals with this subject。 The present work
covers the same ground in a more detailed and systematic way。
But now that these outlines are to be printed and given to the general public； there
is an opportunity of explaining points which in lecturing would be commented on
orally。 Thus the notes are enlarged in order to include cognate or conflicting ideas；
further consequences of the theory advocated； and the like。 These expanded
notes will； it is hoped； throw light upon the more abstract substance of the text；
and present a more complete view of some of the ideas currant in our own time。
Moreover； there is also subjoined； as far as was compatible with the purpose of a
compendium； a number of notes； ranging over a still greater latitude。 A
compendium proper； like a science； has its subject…matter accurately laid out。
With the exception； possibly； of one or two slight additions； its chief task is to
arrange the essential phases of its material。 This material is regarded as fixed and
known； just as the form is assumed to be governed by well…ascertained rules。 A
treatise in philosophy is usually not expected to be constructed on such a pattern；
perhaps because people suppose that a philosophical product is a Penelope's web
which must be started anew every day。
This treatise differs from the ordinary compendium mainly in its method of
procedure。 It must be understood at the outset that the philosophic way of
advancing from one matter to another； the general speculative method； which is
the only kind of scientific proof available in philosophy； is essentially different
from every other。 Only a clear insight into the necessity for this difference can
snatch philosophy out of the ignominious condition into which it has fallen in our
day。 True； the logical rules； such as those of definition； classification； and
inference