the hispanic nations of the new world- 第31部分

With　this　attitude　of　the　public　mind；　it　is　not　strange　that　the　Hispanic　republics　at　large　should　have　been　inclined　to　look　with　scant　favor　upon　proposals　made　by　the　United　States；　in　1916；　to　render　the　spirit　of　Pan…Americanism　more　precise　in　its　operation。　The　proposals　in　substance　were　these：　that　all　the　nations　of　America　〃mutually　agree　to　guarantee　the　territorial　integrity〃　of　one　another；　to　〃maintain　a　republican　form　of　government〃；　to　prohibit　the　〃exportation　of　arms　to　any　but　the　legally　constituted　governments〃；　and　to　adopt　laws　of　neutrality　which　would　make　it　〃impossible　to　filibustering　expeditions　to　threaten　or　carry　on　revolutions　in　neighboring　republics。〃　These　proposals　appear　to　have　received　no　formal　approval　beyond　what　is　signified　by　the　diplomatic　expression　〃in　principle。〃　Considering　the　disparity　in　strength；　wealth；　and　prestige　between　the　northern　country　and　its　southern　fellows；　suggestions　of　the　sort　could　be　made　practicable　only　by　letting　the　United　States　do　whatever　it　might　think　needful　to　accomplish　the　objects　which　it　sought。　Obviously　the　Hispanic　nations；　singly　or　collectively；　would　hardly　venture　to　take　any　such　action　within　the　borders　of　the　United　States　itself；　if；　for　example；　it　failed　to　maintain　what；　in　their　opinion；　was　〃a　republican　form　of　government。〃　A　full　acceptance　of　the　plan　accordingly　would　have　amounted　to　a　recognition　of　American　overlordship；　and　this　they　were　naturally　not　disposed　to　admit。

The　common　perils　and　duties　confronting　the　Americas　as　a　result　of　the　Great　War；　however；　made　close　cooperation　between　the　Hispanic　republics　and　the　United　States　up　to　a　certain　point　indispensable。　Toward　that　transatlantic　struggle　the　attitude　of　all　the　nations　of　the　New　World　at　the　outset　was　substantially　the　same。　Though　strongly　sympathetic　on　the　whole　with　the　〃Allies〃　and　notably　with　France；　the　southern　countries　nevertheless　declared　their　neutrality。　More　than　that；　they　tried　to　convert　neutrality　into　a　Pan…American　policy；　instead　of　regarding　it　as　an　official　attitude　to　be　adopted　by　the　republics　separately。　Thus　when　the　conflict　overseas　began　to　injure　the　rights　of　neutrals；　Argentina　and　other　nations　urged　that　the　countries　of　the　New　World　jointly　agree　to　declare　that　direct　maritime　commerce　between　American　lands　should　be　considered　as　〃inter…American　coastwise　trade；〃　and　that　the　merchant　ships　engaged　in　it；　whatever　the　flag　under　which　they　sailed；　should　be　looked　upon　as　neutral。　Though　the　South　American　countries　failed　to　enlist　the　support　of　their　northern　neighbor　in　this　bold　departure　from　international　precedent；　they　found　some　compensation　for　their　disappointment　in　the　closer　commercial　and　financial　relations　which　they　established　with　the　United　States。

Because　of　the　dependence　of　the　Hispanic　nations；　and　especially　those　of　the　southern　group；　on　the　intimacy　of　their　economic　ties　with　the　belligerents　overseas；　they　suffered　from　the　ravages　of　the　struggle　more　perhaps　than　other　lands　outside　of　Europe。　Negotiations　for　prospective　loans　were　dropped。　Industries　were　suspended；　work　on　public　improvements　was　checked；　and　commerce　brought　almost　to　a　standstill。　As　the　revenues　fell　off　and　ready　money　became　scarce；　drastic　measures　had　to　be　devised　to　meet　the　financial　strain。　For　the　protection　of　credit；　bank　holidays　were　declared；　stock　exchanges　were　closed；　moratoria　were　set　up　in　nearly　all　the　countries；　taxes　and　duties　were　increased；　radical　reductions　in　expenditure　were　undertaken；　and　in　a　few　cases　large　quantities　of　paper　money　were　issued。

With　the　European　market　thus　wholly　or　partially　cut　off；　the　Hispanic　republics　were　forced　to　supply　the　consequent　shortage　with　manufactured　articles　and　other　goods　from　the　United　States　and　to　send　thither　their　raw　materials　in　exchange。　To　their　northern　neighbor　they　had　to　turn　also　for　pecuniary　aid。　A　Pan…American　financial　conference　was　held　at　Washington　in　1915；　and　an　international　high　commission　was　appointed　to　carry　its　recommendations　into　effect。　Gradually　most　of　the　Hispanic　countries　came　to　show　a　favorable　trade　balance。　Then；　as　the　war　drew　into　its　fourth　year；　several　of　them　even　began　to　enjoy　great　prosperity。　That　Pan…Americanism　had　not　meant　much　more　than　cooperation　for　economic　ends　seemed　evident　when；　on　April　6；　1917；　the　United　States　declared　war　on　Germany。　Instead　of　following　spontaneously　in　the　wake　of　their　great　northern　neighbor；　the　Hispanic　republics　were　divided　by　conflicting　currents　of　opinion　and　hesitated　as　to　their　proper　course　of　procedure。　While　a　majority　of　them　expressed　approval　of　what　the　United　States　had　done；　and　while　Uruguay　for　its　part　asserted　that　〃no　American　country；　which　in　defense　of　its　own　rights　should　find　itself　in　a　state　of　war　with　nations　of　other　continents；　would　be　treated　as　a　belligerent；〃　Mexico　veered　almost　to　the　other　extreme　by　proposing　that　the　republics　of　America　agree　to　lay　an　embargo　on　the　shipment　of　munitions　to　the　warring　powers。

As　a　matter　of　fact；　only　seven　out　of　the　nineteen　Hispanic　nations　saw　fit　to　imitate　the　example　set　by　their　northern　neighbor　and　to　declare　war　on　Germany。　These　were　Cubain　view　of　its　〃duty　toward　the　United　States；〃　Panama；　Guatemala；　Brazil；　Honduras；　Nicaragua；　and　Costa　Rica。　Since　the　Dominican　Republic　at　the　time　was　under　American　military　control；　it　was　not　in　a　position　to　choose　its　course。　Four　countries　Ecuador；　Peru；　Bolivia；　and　Uruguaybroke　off　diplomatic　relations　with　Germany。　The　other　seven　republicsMexico；　Salvador；　Colombia；　Venezuela；　Chile；　Argentina；　and　Paraguaycontinued　their　formal　neutrality。　In　spite　of　a　disclosure　made　by　the　United　States　of　insulting　and　threatening　utterances　on　the　part　of　the　German　charge　d'affaires　in　Argentina；　which　led　to　popular　outbreaks　at　the　capital　and　induced　the　national　Congress　to　declare　in　favor　of　a　severance　of　diplomatic　relations　with　that　functionary's　Government；　the　President　of　the　republic　stood　firm　in　his　resolution　to　maintain　neutrality。　If　Pan…Americanism　had　ever　involved　the　idea　of　political　cooperation　among　the　nations　of　the　New　World；　it　broke　down　just　when　it　might　have　served　the　greatest　of　purposes。　Even　the　〃A　B　C〃　combination　itself　had　apparently　been　shattered。

A　century　and　more　had　now　passed　since　the　Spanish　and　Portuguese　peoples　of　the　New　World　had　achieved　their　independence。　Eighteen　political　children　of　various　sizes　and　stages　of　advancement；　or　backwardness；　were　born　of　Spain　in　America；　and　one　acknowledged　the　maternity　of　Portugal。　Big　Brazil　has　always　maintained　the　happiest　relations　with　the　little　mother　in　Europe；　who　still　watches　with　pride　the　growth　of　her　strapping　youngster。　Between　Spain　and　her　descendants；　however；　animosity　endured　for　many　years　after　they　had　thrown　off　the　parental　yoke。　Yet　of　late；　much　has　been　done　on　both　sides　to　render　the　relationship　cordial。　The　graceful　act　of　Spain　in　sending　the　much…beloved　Infanta　Isabel　to　represent　her　in　Argentina　and　Chile　at　the　celebration　of　the　centennial　anniversary　of　their　cry　for　independence；　and　to　wish　them　Godspeed　on　their　onward　journey；　was　typical　of　the　yearning　of　the　mother　country　for　her　children　overseas；　despite　the　lapse　of　years　and　political　ties。　So；　too；　her　ablest　men　of　intellect　have　striven　nobly　and　with　marked　success　to　revive　among　them　a　sense　of　filial　affection　and　gratitude　for　all　that　Spain　contributed　to　mold　the　mind　and　heart　of　her　kindred　in　distant　lands。　On　their　part；　the　Hispanic　Americans　have　come　to　a　clearer　consciousness　of　the　fact　that　on　the　continents　of　the　New　World　there　are　two　distinct　types　of　civilization；　with　all　that　each　connotes　of　differences　in　race；　psychology；　tradition；　language；　and　customtheir　own；　and　that　represented　by　the　United　States。　Appreciative　though　the　southern　countries　are　of　their　northern　neighbor；　they　cling　nevertheless　to　their　heritage　from　Spain　and　Portugal　in　whatever　seems　conducive　to　the　maintenance　of　their　own　ideals　of　life　and　thought。　BIBLIOGRAPHICAL　NOTE

For　anything　like　a　detailed　study　of　the　history　of　the　Hispanic　nations　of　America；　obviously　one　must　consult　works　written　in　Spanish　and　Portuguese。　There　are　many　important　books；　also；　in　French　and　German；　but；　with　few　exceptions；　the　recommendations　for　the　general　reader　will　be　limited　to　accounts　in　English。

A　very　useful　outline　and　guide　to　recent　literature　on　the　subject　is　W。　W。　Pierson；　Jr。；　〃A　Syllabus　of　Latin…American　History〃　（Chapel　Hill；　North　Carolina；　1917）。　A　brief　introduction　to　the　history　and　present　aspects　of　Hispanic　American　civilization　is　W。　R。　Shepherd；　〃Latin　America〃　（New　York；　1914）。　The　best　general　accounts　of　the　Spanish　and　Portuguese　colonial　systems　will　be　found　in　Charles　de　Lannoy　and　Herman　van　der　Linden；　〃Histoire　de　L'Expansion　Coloniale　des　Peuples　Europeens：　Portugal　et　Espagne〃　（Brussels　and　Paris；　1907）；　and　Kurt　Simon；　〃Spanien　and　Portugal　als　See　and　Kolonialmdchte〃　（Hamburg；　1913）。　For　the　Spanish　colonial　regime　alone；　E。　G。　Bourne；　〃Spain　i