《alcibiades i》

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alcibiades i- 第11部分


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cannot make out where it exists or among whom; according to you; the same

persons may sometimes have it; and sometimes not。



ALCIBIADES:  But; indeed; Socrates; I do not know what I am saying; and I

have long been; unconsciously to myself; in a most disgraceful state。



SOCRATES:  Nevertheless; cheer up; at fifty; if you had discovered your

deficiency; you would have been too old; and the time for taking care of

yourself would have passed away; but yours is just the age at which the

discovery should be made。



ALCIBIADES:  And what should he do; Socrates; who would make the discovery?



SOCRATES:  Answer questions; Alcibiades; and that is a process which; by

the grace of God; if I may put any faith in my oracle; will be very

improving to both of us。



ALCIBIADES:  If I can be improved by answering; I will answer。



SOCRATES:  And first of all; that we may not peradventure be deceived by

appearances; fancying; perhaps; that we are taking care of ourselves when

we are not; what is the meaning of a man taking care of himself? and when

does he take care?  Does he take care of himself when he takes care of what

belongs to him?



ALCIBIADES:  I should think so。



SOCRATES:  When does a man take care of his feet?  Does he not take care of

them when he takes care of that which belongs to his feet?



ALCIBIADES:  I do not understand。



SOCRATES:  Let me take the hand as an illustration; does not a ring belong

to the finger; and to the finger only?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And the shoe in like manner to the foot?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And when we take care of our shoes; do we not take care of our

feet?



ALCIBIADES:  I do not comprehend; Socrates。



SOCRATES:  But you would admit; Alcibiades; that to take proper care of a

thing is a correct expression?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And taking proper care means improving?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And what is the art which improves our shoes?



ALCIBIADES:  Shoemaking。



SOCRATES:  Then by shoemaking we take care of our shoes?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And do we by shoemaking take care of our feet; or by some other

art which improves the feet?



ALCIBIADES:  By some other art。



SOCRATES:  And the same art improves the feet which improves the rest of

the body?



ALCIBIADES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  Which is gymnastic?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  Then by gymnastic we take care of our feet; and by shoemaking of

that which belongs to our feet?



ALCIBIADES:  Very true。



SOCRATES:  And by gymnastic we take care of our hands; and by the art of

graving rings of that which belongs to our hands?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And by gymnastic we take care of the body; and by the art of

weaving and the other arts we take care of the things of the body?



ALCIBIADES:  Clearly。



SOCRATES:  Then the art which takes care of each thing is different from

that which takes care of the belongings of each thing?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  Then in taking care of what belongs to you; you do not take care

of yourself?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly not。



SOCRATES:  For the art which takes care of our belongings appears not to be

the same as that which takes care of ourselves?



ALCIBIADES:  Clearly not。



SOCRATES:  And now let me ask you what is the art with which we take care

of ourselves?



ALCIBIADES:  I cannot say。



SOCRATES:  At any rate; thus much has been admitted; that the art is not

one which makes any of our possessions; but which makes ourselves better?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  But should we ever have known what art makes a shoe better; if

we did not know a shoe?



ALCIBIADES:  Impossible。



SOCRATES:  Nor should we know what art makes a ring better; if we did not

know a ring?



ALCIBIADES:  That is true。



SOCRATES:  And can we ever know what art makes a man better; if we do not

know what we are ourselves?



ALCIBIADES:  Impossible。



SOCRATES:  And is self…knowledge such an easy thing; and was he to be

lightly esteemed who inscribed the text on the temple at Delphi?  Or is

self…knowledge a difficult thing; which few are able to attain?



ALCIBIADES:  At times I fancy; Socrates; that anybody can know himself; at

other times the task appears to be very difficult。



SOCRATES:  But whether easy or difficult; Alcibiades; still there is no

other way; knowing what we are; we shall know how to take care of

ourselves; and if we are ignorant we shall not know。



ALCIBIADES:  That is true。



SOCRATES:  Well; then; let us see in what way the self…existent can be

discovered by us; that will give us a chance of discovering our own

existence; which otherwise we can never know。



ALCIBIADES:  You say truly。



SOCRATES:  Come; now; I beseech you; tell me with whom you are conversing?

with whom but with me?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  As I am; with you?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  That is to say; I; Socrates; am talking?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And Alcibiades is my hearer?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And I in talking use words?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  And talking and using words have; I suppose; the same meaning?



ALCIBIADES:  To be sure。



SOCRATES:  And the user is not the same as the thing which he uses?



ALCIBIADES:  What do you mean?



SOCRATES:  I will explain; the shoemaker; for example; uses a square tool;

and a circular tool; and other tools for cutting?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  But the tool is not the same as the cutter and user of the tool?



ALCIBIADES:  Of course not。



SOCRATES:  And in the same way the instrument of the harper is to be

distinguished from the harper himself?



ALCIBIADES:  It is。



SOCRATES:  Now the question which I asked was whether you conceive the user

to be always different from that which he uses?



ALCIBIADES:  I do。



SOCRATES:  Then what shall we say of the shoemaker?  Does he cut with his

tools only or with his hands?



ALCIBIADES:  With his hands as well。



SOCRATES:  He uses his hands too?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And does he use his eyes in cutting leather?



ALCIBIADES:  He does。



SOCRATES:  And we admit that the user is not the same with the things which

he uses?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Then the shoemaker and the harper are to be distinguished from

the hands and feet which they use?



ALCIBIADES:  Clearly。



SOCRATES:  And does not a man use the whole body?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  And that which uses is different from that which is used?



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  Then a man is not the same as his own body?



ALCIBIADES:  That is the inference。



SOCRATES:  What is he; then?



ALCIBIADES:  I cannot say。



SOCRATES:  Nay; you can say that he is the user of the body。



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  And the user of the body is the soul?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes; the soul。



SOCRATES:  And the soul rules?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Let me make an assertion which will; I think; be universally

admitted。



ALCIBIADES:  What is it?



SOCRATES:  That man is one of three things。



ALCIBIADES:  What are they?



SOCRATES:  Soul; body; or both together forming a whole。



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly。



SOCRATES:  But did we not say that the actual ruling principle of the body

is man?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes; we did。



SOCRATES:  And does the body rule over itself?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly not。



SOCRATES:  It is subject; as we were saying?



ALCIBIADES:  Yes。



SOCRATES:  Then that is not the principle which we are seeking?



ALCIBIADES:  It would seem not。



SOCRATES:  But may we say that the union of the two rules over the body;

and consequently that this is man?



ALCIBIADES:  Very likely。



SOCRATES:  The most unlikely of all things; for if one of the members is

subject; the two united cannot possibly rule。



ALCIBIADES:  True。



SOCRATES:  But since neither the body; nor the union of the two; is man;

either man has no real existence; or the soul is man?



ALCIBIADES:  Just so。



SOCRATES:  Is anything more required to prove that the soul is man?



ALCIBIADES:  Certainly not; the proof is; I think; quite sufficient。



SOCRATES:  And if the proof; although not perfect; be sufficient; we shall

be satisfied;more precise proof will be supplied when we have discovered

that which we were led to omit; from a fear that the enquiry would be too

much protracted。



ALCIBIADES:  What was that?



SOCRATES:  What I meant; when I said that absolute existence must be first

considered; but now; instead of absolute existence; we have been

considering the nature of individual existenc
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