¡¶the prince(Íõ×Ó)¡·

ÏÂÔر¾Êé

Ìí¼ÓÊéÇ©

the prince(Íõ×Ó)- µÚ9²¿·Ö


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡these¡¡great¡¡examples¡¡I¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡add¡¡a¡¡lesser¡¡one£»¡¡still¡¡it¡¡bears¡¡some¡¡

resemblance¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡wish¡¡it¡¡to¡¡suffice¡¡me¡¡for¡¡all¡¡of¡¡a¡¡like¡¡kind£º¡¡it¡¡is¡¡

Hiero¡¡the¡¡Syracusan¡££§*£§¡¡This¡¡man¡¡rose¡¡from¡¡a¡¡private¡¡station¡¡to¡¡be¡¡Prince¡¡

of¡¡Syracuse£»¡¡nor¡¡did¡¡he£»¡¡either£»¡¡owe¡¡anything¡¡to¡¡fortune¡¡but¡¡opportunity£»¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Syracusans£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡oppressed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡chose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡captain£»¡¡

afterwards¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡rewarded¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡prince¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡

great¡¡ability£»¡¡even¡¡as¡¡a¡¡private¡¡citizen£»¡¡that¡¡one¡¡who¡¡writes¡¡of¡¡him¡¡says¡¡he¡¡

wanted¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡a¡¡kingdom¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡king¡£¡¡This¡¡man¡¡abolished¡¡the¡¡old¡¡

soldiery£»¡¡organized¡¡the¡¡new£»¡¡gave¡¡up¡¡old¡¡alliances£»¡¡made¡¡new¡¡ones£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡

he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡allies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡foundations¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

build¡¡any¡¡edifice£º¡¡thus£»¡¡whilst¡¡he¡¡had¡¡endured¡¡much¡¡trouble¡¡in¡¡acquiring£»¡¡

he¡¡had¡¡but¡¡little¡¡in¡¡keeping¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡Hiero¡¡II£»¡¡born¡¡about¡¡307¡¡B¡£C¡££»¡¡died¡¡216¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡32¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡33¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CHAPTER¡¡VII¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CONCERNING¡¡NEW¡¡PRINCIPALITIES¡¡WHICH¡¡ARE¡¡

¡¡ACQUIRED¡¡EITHER¡¡BY¡¡THE¡¡ARMS¡¡OF¡¡OTHERS¡¡OR¡¡BY¡¡GOOD¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡FORTUNE¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡solely¡¡by¡¡good¡¡fortune¡¡become¡¡princes¡¡from¡¡being¡¡private¡¡

citizens¡¡have¡¡little¡¡trouble¡¡in¡¡rising£»¡¡but¡¡much¡¡in¡¡keeping¡¡atop£»¡¡they¡¡have¡¡

not¡¡any¡¡difficulties¡¡on¡¡the¡¡way¡¡up£»¡¡because¡¡they¡¡fly£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡have¡¡many¡¡

when¡¡they¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡summit¡£¡¡Such¡¡are¡¡those¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡some¡¡state¡¡is¡¡given¡¡

either¡¡for¡¡money¡¡or¡¡by¡¡the¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡him¡¡who¡¡bestows¡¡it£»¡¡as¡¡happened¡¡to¡¡

many¡¡in¡¡Greece£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cities¡¡of¡¡Ionia¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Hellespont£»¡¡where¡¡princes¡¡

were¡¡made¡¡by¡¡Darius£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡that¡¡they¡¡might¡¡hold¡¡the¡¡cities¡¡both¡¡for¡¡his¡¡

security¡¡and¡¡his¡¡glory£»¡¡as¡¡also¡¡were¡¡those¡¡emperors¡¡who£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡corruption¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡soldiers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡citizens¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡empire¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡¡¡¡¡stand¡¡¡¡¡¡simply¡¡

elevated¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡goodwill¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fortune¡¡of¡¡him¡¡who¡¡has¡¡elevated¡¡them¡­¡¡

¡­two¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡inconstant¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡unstable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Neither¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

knowledge¡¡requisite¡¡for¡¡the¡¡position£»¡¡because£»¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡are¡¡men¡¡of¡¡great¡¡

worth¡¡and¡¡ability£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡reasonable¡¡to¡¡expect¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡know¡¡how¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡command£»¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡lived¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡¡¡¡¡condition£»¡¡¡¡¡¡besides£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

cannot¡¡hold¡¡it¡¡because¡¡they¡¡have¡¡not¡¡forces¡¡which¡¡they¡¡can¡¡keep¡¡friendly¡¡

and¡¡faithful¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡States¡¡that¡¡rise¡¡unexpectedly£»¡¡then£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡other¡¡things¡¡in¡¡nature¡¡which¡¡

are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡born¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡grow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rapidly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡leave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡foundations¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

correspondencies£§*£§¡¡¡¡¡¡fixed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡storm¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡not¡¡

overthrow¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unless£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡said£»¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡unexpectedly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡

princes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ability¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡

prepared¡¡at¡¡once¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡that¡¡which¡¡fortune¡¡has¡¡thrown¡¡into¡¡their¡¡laps£»¡¡and¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡foundations£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡laid¡¡¡¡¡¡BEFORE¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡

princes£»¡¡they¡¡must¡¡lay¡¡AFTERWARDS¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Le¡¡¡¡¡¡radici¡¡¡¡¡¡e¡¡¡¡¡¡corrispondenze£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡roots¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨i¡£e¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡foundations£©¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

correspondencies¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡relations¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡statesa¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡meaning¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

¡¨correspondence¡¨¡¡and¡¡¡¨correspondency¡¨¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sixteenth¡¡and¡¡seventeenth¡¡

centuries¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Concerning¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡methods¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡rising¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡prince¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡ability¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡33¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡34¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



fortune£»¡¡I¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡adduce¡¡two¡¡examples¡¡within¡¡our¡¡own¡¡recollection£»¡¡and¡¡

these¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡Francesco¡¡¡¡¡¡Sforza£§*£§¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Cesare¡¡¡¡¡¡Borgia¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Francesco£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡proper¡¡

means¡¡and¡¡with¡¡great¡¡ability£»¡¡from¡¡being¡¡a¡¡private¡¡person¡¡rose¡¡to¡¡be¡¡Duke¡¡

of¡¡Milan£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡acquired¡¡with¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡anxieties¡¡he¡¡kept¡¡

with¡¡little¡¡trouble¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡Cesare¡¡Borgia£»¡¡called¡¡by¡¡the¡¡people¡¡

Duke¡¡Valentino£»¡¡acquired¡¡his¡¡state¡¡during¡¡the¡¡ascendancy¡¡of¡¡his¡¡father£»¡¡and¡¡

on¡¡its¡¡decline¡¡he¡¡lost¡¡it£»¡¡notwithstanding¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡every¡¡measure¡¡

and¡¡done¡¡all¡¡that¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡be¡¡done¡¡by¡¡a¡¡wise¡¡and¡¡able¡¡man¡¡to¡¡fix¡¡firmly¡¡his¡¡

roots¡¡in¡¡the¡¡states¡¡which¡¡the¡¡arms¡¡and¡¡fortunes¡¡of¡¡others¡¡had¡¡bestowed¡¡on¡¡

him¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§*£§¡¡Francesco¡¡Sforza£»¡¡born¡¡1401£»¡¡died¡¡1466¡£¡¡He¡¡married¡¡Bianca¡¡Maria¡¡

Visconti£»¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡daughter¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Filippo¡¡¡¡¡¡Visconti£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Duke¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Milan£»¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡

whose¡¡death¡¡he¡¡procured¡¡his¡¡own¡¡elevation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡duchy¡£¡¡Machiavelli¡¡was¡¡

the¡¡¡¡accredited¡¡¡¡¡¡agent¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Florentine¡¡¡¡¡¡Republic¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Cesare¡¡¡¡¡¡Borgia¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨1478¡­¡¡

1507£©¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡transactions¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡led¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡assassinations¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Orsini¡¡and¡¡Vitelli¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡Sinigalia£»¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡along¡¡with¡¡his¡¡letters¡¡to¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡chiefs¡¡in¡¡

Florence¡¡he¡¡has¡¡left¡¡an¡¡account£»¡¡written¡¡ten¡¡years¡¡before¡¡¡¨The¡¡Prince£»¡¨¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡proceedings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡duke¡¡in¡¡his¡¡¡¨Descritione¡¡del¡¡modo¡¡tenuto¡¡dal¡¡duca¡¡

Valentino¡¡nello¡¡ammazzare¡¡Vitellozzo¡¡Vitelli£»¡¨¡¡etc¡££»¡¡a¡¡translation¡¡of¡¡which¡¡

is¡¡appended¡¡to¡¡the¡¡present¡¡work¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Because£»¡¡as¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡above£»¡¡he¡¡who¡¡has¡¡not¡¡first¡¡laid¡¡his¡¡foundations¡¡

may¡¡be¡¡able¡¡with¡¡great¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡lay¡¡them¡¡afterwards£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡will¡¡be¡¡laid¡¡

with¡¡trouble¡¡to¡¡the¡¡architect¡¡and¡¡danger¡¡to¡¡the¡¡building¡£¡¡If£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡all¡¡

the¡¡steps¡¡taken¡¡by¡¡the¡¡duke¡¡be¡¡considered£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡he¡¡laid¡¡solid¡¡

foundations¡¡for¡¡his¡¡future¡¡power£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡consider¡¡it¡¡superfluous¡¡to¡¡

discuss¡¡them£»¡¡because¡¡I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡know¡¡what¡¡better¡¡precepts¡¡to¡¡give¡¡a¡¡new¡¡

prince¡¡than¡¡the¡¡example¡¡of¡¡his¡¡actions£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡his¡¡dispositions¡¡were¡¡of¡¡no¡¡

avail£»¡¡that¡¡was¡¡not¡¡his¡¡fault£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡extraordinary¡¡and¡¡extreme¡¡malignity¡¡of¡¡

fortune¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Alexander¡¡the¡¡Sixth£»¡¡in¡¡wishing¡¡to¡¡aggrandize¡¡the¡¡duke£»¡¡his¡¡son£»¡¡had¡¡

many¡¡¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡prospective¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulties¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Firstly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

way¡¡to¡¡make¡¡him¡¡master¡¡of¡¡any¡¡state¡¡that¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Church£»¡¡

and¡¡if¡¡he¡¡was¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡rob¡¡the¡¡Church¡¡he¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Duke¡¡of¡¡Milan¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Venetians¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡consent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡Faenza¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Rimini¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡34¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡35¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡Prince¡¡



already¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡protection¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Venetians¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Besides¡¡¡¡¡¡this£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡saw¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

arms¡¡of¡¡Italy£»¡¡especially¡¡those¡¡by¡¡which¡¡he¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡assisted£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡

hands¡¡that¡¡would¡¡fear¡¡the¡¡aggrandizement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Pope£»¡¡namely£»¡¡the¡¡Orsini¡¡

and¡¡the¡¡Colonnesi¡¡and¡¡their¡¡following¡£¡¡It¡¡behoved¡¡him£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡to¡¡upset¡¡

this¡¡state¡¡of¡¡affairs¡¡and¡¡embroil¡¡the¡¡powers£»¡¡so¡¡as¡¡to¡¡make¡¡himself¡¡securely¡¡

master¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡states¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡easy¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡do£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡

found¡¡the¡¡Venetians£»¡¡moved¡¡by¡¡other¡¡reasons£»¡¡inclined¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡back¡¡the¡¡

French¡¡into¡¡Italy£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡not¡¡only¡¡not¡¡oppose¡¡this£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡would¡¡render¡¡

it¡¡more¡¡easy¡¡by¡¡dissolving¡¡the¡¡former¡¡marriage¡¡of¡¡King¡¡Louis¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡came¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡Italy¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡assistance¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Venetians¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

consent¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Alexander¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡sooner¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Milan¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Pope¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡

soldiers¡¡from¡¡him¡¡for¡¡the¡¡attempt¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Romagna£»¡¡which¡¡yielded¡¡to¡¡him¡¡

on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡reputation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡duke£»¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡acquired¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Romagna¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡beaten¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Colonnesi£»¡¡¡¡¡¡while¡¡¡¡¡¡wishing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡hold¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

advance¡¡further£»¡¡was¡¡hindered¡¡by¡¡two¡¡things£º¡¡the¡¡one£»¡¡his¡¡forces¡¡did¡¡not¡¡

appear¡¡loyal¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡goodwill¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡France£º¡¡that¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡¡¡he¡¡

feared¡¡that¡¡the¡¡forces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Orsini£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡was¡¡using£»¡¡would¡¡not¡¡stand¡¡to¡¡

him£»¡¡that¡¡not¡¡only¡¡might¡¡they¡¡hinder¡¡him¡¡from¡¡winning¡¡more£»¡¡but¡¡might¡¡

themselves¡¡¡¡¡¡seize¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡won£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

same¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Orsini¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡warning¡¡¡¡¡¡when£»¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡taking¡¡¡¡¡¡Faenza¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

attacking¡¡Bologna£»¡¡he¡¡saw¡¡them¡¡go¡¡very¡¡unwillingly¡¡to¡¡that¡¡attack¡£¡¡And¡¡as¡¡

to¡¡the¡¡king£»¡¡he¡¡learned¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡when¡¡he¡¡himself£»¡¡after¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡Duchy¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡Urbino£»¡¡¡¡¡¡attacked¡¡¡¡¡¡Tuscany£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡king¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡desist¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

undertaking£»¡¡hence¡¡the¡¡duke¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡depend¡¡no¡¡more¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡arms¡¡and¡¡

the¡¡luck¡¡of¡¡others¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡thing¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡weakened¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Orsini¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Colonnesi¡¡¡¡¡¡parties¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡

Rome£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡gaining¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡adherents¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡gentlemen£»¡¡

making¡¡them¡¡his¡¡gentlemen£»¡¡giving¡¡them¡¡good¡¡pay£»¡¡and£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡

rank£»¡¡¡¡¡¡honouring¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡office¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡command¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡way¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

few¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡months¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡attachment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡factions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡destroyed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡turned¡¡

entirely¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡duke¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡awaited¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡crush¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Orsini£»¡¡having¡¡scattered¡¡the¡¡adherents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Colonna¡¡house¡£¡¡This¡¡came¡¡to¡¡

him¡¡soon¡¡and¡¡he¡¡used¡¡it¡¡well£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Orsini£»¡¡perceiving¡¡at¡¡length¡¡that¡¡the¡¡

a
СÌáʾ£º°´ »Ø³µ [Enter] ¼ü ·µ»ØÊéÄ¿£¬°´ ¡û ¼ü ·µ»ØÉÏÒ»Ò³£¬ °´ ¡ú ¼ü ½øÈëÏÂÒ»Ò³¡£ ÔÞһϠÌí¼ÓÊéÇ©¼ÓÈëÊé¼Ü