s； only one of which they intend to use。 Six white eggs is the proper number for a household； but Dr。 Coues says the female that has been robbed keeps on laying three or even four sets of eggs without interruption。
MEADOWLARK （Sturnella magna） Blackbird family
Called also： FIELD LARK； OLDFIELD LARK； ＇EASTERN MEADOWLARK； AOU 1998＇
Length 10 to 11 inches。 A trifle larger than the robin。 Male Upper parts brown； varied with chestnut； deep brown； and black。 Crown streaked with brown and black； and with a cream…colored streak through the centre。 Dark…brown line apparently running through the eye； another line over eye； yellow。 Throat and chin yellow； a large conspicuous black crescent on breast。 Underneath yellow； shading into buffy brown； spotted or streaked with very dark brown； Outer tail feathers chiefly white； conspicuous in flight。 Long； strong legs and claws； adapted for walking。 Less black in winter plumage； which is more grayish brown。 Female Paler than male。 Range North America； from Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico； and westward to the plains； where the Western meadowlark takes its place。 Winters from Massachusetts and Illinois southward。 Migrations April。 Late October。 Usually a resident； a few remaining through the winter。
In the same meadows with the red…winged blackbirds； birds of another feather； but of the same family； nevertheless； may be found flocking together； hunting for worms and larvae； building their nests； and rearing their young very near each other with the truly social instinct of all their kin。
The meadowlarks； which are really not larks at all； but the blackbirds' and orioles' cousins； are so protected by the coloring of the feathers on their backs； like that of the grass and stubble they live among； that ten blackbirds are noticed for every meadowlark although the latter is very common。 Not until you flush a flock of them as you walk along the roadside or through the meadows and you note the white tail feathers and the black crescents on the yellow breasts of the large brown birds that rise towards the tree…tops with whirring sound and a flight suggesting the quail's； do you suspect there are any birds among the tall grasses。
Their clear and piercing whistle； 〃Spring o' the y…e…a…r； Spring o' the year！〃 rings out from the trees with varying intonation and accent； but always sweet and inspiriting。 To the bird's high vantage ground you may not follow； for no longer having the protection of the high grass； it has become wary and flies away as you approach； calling out peent…peent and nervously flitting its tail （again showing the white feather）； when it rests a moment on the pasture fence…rail。
It is like looking for a needle in a haystack to try to find a meadowlark's nest； an unpretentious structure of dried grasses partly arched over and hidden in a clump of high timothy； flat upon the ground。 But what havoc snakes and field…mice play with the white…speckled eggs and helpless fledglings！ The care of rearing two or three broods in a season and the change of plumage to duller winter tints seem to exhaust the high spirits of the sweet whistler。 For a time he is silent； but partly regains his vocal powers in the autumn； when； with large flocks of his own kind； he resorts to marshy feeding grounds。 In the winter he chooses for companions the horned larks； that walk along the shore； or the snow buntings and sparrows of the inland pastures； and will even include the denizens of the barn…yard when hunger drives him close to the haunts of men。
The Western Meadowlark or Prairie Lark （Sturnella magna neglecta）； which many ornithologists consider a different species from the foregoing ＇as does AOU 1998＇； is distinguished chiefly by its lighter； more grayish…brown plumage； by its yellow cheeks； and more especially by its richer； fuller song。 In his 〃Birds of Manitoba〃 Mr。 Ernest E。 Thompson says of this meadowlark： 〃In richness of voice and modulation it equals or excels both wood thrush and nightingale； and in the beauty of its articulation it has no superior in the whole world of feathered choristers with which I am acquainted。〃
HORNED LARK （Otocoris alpestris） Lark family
Called also： SHORE LARK
Length 7。5 to 8 inches。 About one…fifth smaller than the robin。 Male Upper parts dull brown； streaked with lighter on edges and tinged with pink or vinaceous； darkest on back of head neck； shoulders； and nearest the tail。 A few erectile feathers on either side of the head form slight tufts or horns that are wanting in female。 A black mark from the base of the bill passes below the eye and ends in a horn…shaped curve on cheeks； which are yellow。 Throat clear yellow。 Breast has crescent shaped black patch。 Underneath soiled white； with dusky spots on lower breast。 Tail black； the outer feathers margined with white； noticed in flight。 Female Has yellow eye…stripe； less prominent markings； especially on head； and is a trifle smaller。 Range Northeastern parts of North America； and in winter from Ohio and eastern United States as far south as North Carolina。 Migrations October and November。 March。 Winter resident
Far away to the north in Greenland and Labrador this true lark； the most beautiful of its genus； makes its summer home。 There it is a conspicuously handsome bird with its pinkish…gray and chocolate feathers； that have greatly faded into dull browns when we see them in the late autumn。 In the far north only does it sing； and； according to Audubon； the charming song is flung to the breeze while the bird soars like a skylark。 In the United States we hear only its call…note。
Great flocks come down the Atlantic coast in October and November； and separate into smaller bands that take up their residence in sandy stretches and open tracts near the sea or wherever the food supply looks promising； and there the larks stay until all the seeds； buds of bushes； berries； larvae； and insects in their chosen territory are exhausted。 They are ever conspicuously ground birds； walkers； and when disturbed at their dinner； prefer to squat on the earth rather than expose themselves by flight。 Sometimes they run nimbly over the frozen ground to escape an intruder； but flying they reserve as a last resort。 When the visitor has passed they quickly return to their dinner。 If they were content to eat less ravenously and remain slender； fewer victims might be slaughtered annually to tickle the palates of the epicure。 It is a mystery what they find to fatten upon when snow covers the frozen ground。 Even in the severe midwinter storms they will not seek the protection of the woods； but always prefer sandy dunes with their scrubby undergrowth or open meadow lands。 Occasionally a small flock wanders toward the farms to pick up seeds that are blown from the hayricks or scattered about the barn…yard by overfed domestic fowls。
The Prairie Horned Lark （Otocoris alpestris praticola） is similar to the preceding； but a trifle smaller and paler； with a white instead of a yellow streak above the eye； the throat yellowish or entirely white instead of sulphur…yellow； and other minor differences。 It has a far more southerly range； confined to northern portions of the United States from the Mississippi eastward。 Once a distinctly prairie bird； it now roams wherever large stretches of open country that suit its purposes are cleared in the East； and remains resident。 This species also sings in midair on the wing； but its song is a crude； half…inarticulate affair； barely audible from a height of two hundred feet。
AMERICAN PIPIT （Anthus pensilvanicus） Wagtail family
Called also： TITLARK； BROWN OR RED LARK
Length 6。38 to 7 inches。 About the size of a sparrow。 Male and Female Upper parts brown； wings and tail dark olive…brown； the wing coverts tipped with buff or whitish； and ends of outer tail feathers white； conspicuous in flight。 White or yellowish eye…ring； and line above the eye。 Underneath light buff brown； with spots on breast and sides； the under parts being washed with brown of various shades。 Feet brown。 Hind toe…nail as long as or longer than the toe。 Range North America at large。 Winters south of Virginia to Mexico and beyond。 Migrations April。 October or November。 Common in the United States； chiefly during the migrations。
The color of this bird varies slightly with age and sex； the under parts ranging from white through pale rosy brown to a reddish tinge； but at any season； and under all circumstances； the pipit is a distinctly brown bird； resembling the water thrushes not in plumage only； but in the comical tail waggings and jerkings that alone are sufficient to identify it。 However the books may tell us the bird is a wagtail； it certainly possesses two strong characteristics of true larks： it is a walker； delighting in walking or running； never hopping over the ground； and it has the angelic habit of singing as it flies。
During the migrations the pipits are abundant in salt marshes or open stretches of country inland； that； with lark…like preference； they choose for feeding grounds。 When flushed； all the flock rise together with uncertain flight； hovering and wheeling about the place； calling down dee…dee； dee…dee above