ly wrote the paper。 Adams was delighted 〃with its high tone and the flights of Oratory〃 but he did not approve of the flaming attack on the King； as a tyrant。 〃I never believed；〃 he said； 〃George to be a tyrant in disposition and in nature。〃 There was； he thought； too much passion for a grave and solemn document。 He was； however； the principal speaker in its support。
There is passion in the Declaration from beginning to end； and not the restrained and chastened passion which we find in the great utterances of an American statesman of a later day； Abraham Lincoln。 Compared with Lincoln； Jefferson is indeed a mere amateur in the use of words。 Lincoln would not have scattered in his utterances overwrought phrases about 〃death； desolation and tyranny〃 or talked about pledging 〃our lives； our fortunes and our sacred honour。〃 He indulged in no 〃Flights of Oratory。〃 The passion in the Declaration is concentrated against the King。 We do not know what were the emotions of George when he read it。 We know that many Englishmen thought that it spoke truth。 Exaggerations there are which make the Declaration less than a completely candid document。 The King is accused of abolishing English laws in Canada with the intention of 〃introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies。〃 What had been done in Canada was to let the conquered French retain their own lawswhich was not tyranny but magnanimity。 Another clause of the Declaration； as Jefferson first wrote it； made George responsible for the slave trade in America with all its horrors and crimes。 We may doubt whether that not too enlightened monarch had even more than vaguely heard of the slave trade。 This phase of the attack upon him was too much for the slave owners of the South and the slave traders of New England； and the clause was struck out。
Nearly fourscore and ten years later； Abraham Lincoln； at a supreme crisis in the nation's life； told in Independence Hall； Philadelphia； what the Declaration of Independence meant to him。 〃I have never；〃 he said； 〃had a feeling politically which did not spring from the sentiments in the Declaration of Independence〃； and then he spoke of the sacrifices which the founders of the Republic had made for these principles。 He asked； too； what was the idea which had held together the nation thus founded。 It was not the breaking away from Great Britain。 It was the assertion of human right。 We should speak in terms of reverence of a document which became a classic utterance of political right and which inspired Lincoln in his fight to end slavery and to make 〃Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness〃 realities for all men。 In England the colonists were often taunted with being 〃rebels。〃 The answer was not wanting that ancestors of those who now cried 〃rebel〃 had themselves been rebels a hundred years earlier when their own liberty was at stake。
There were in Congress men who ventured to say that the Declaration was a libel on the government of England； men like John Dickinson of Pennsylvania and John Jay of New York； who feared that the radical elements were moving too fast。 Radicalism； however； was in the saddle； and on the 2d of July the 〃resolution respecting independency 〃 was adopted。 On July 4； 1776； Congress debated and finally adopted the formal Declaration of Independence。 The members did not vote individually。 The delegates from each colony cast the vote of the colony。 Twelve colonies voted for the Declaration。 New York alone was silent because its delegates had not been instructed as to their vote； but New York； too； soon fell into line。 It was a momentous occasion and was understood to be such。 The vote seems to have been reached in the late afternoon。 Anxious citizens were waiting in the streets。 There was a bell in the State House； and an old ringer waited there for the signal。 When there was long delay he is said to have muttered： 〃They will never do it！ they will never do it！〃 Then came the word； 〃Ring！ Ring！〃 It is an odd fact that the inscription on the bell； placed there long before the days of the trouble； was from Leviticus： 〃Proclaim liberty throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof。〃 The bells of Philadelphia rang and cannon boomed。 As the news spread there were bonfires and illuminations in all the colonies。 On the day after the Declaration the Virginia Convention struck out 〃O Lord； save the King〃 from the church service。 On the l0th of July Washington； who by this time had moved to New York； paraded the army and had the Declaration read at the head of each brigade。 That evening the statue of King George in New York was laid in the dust。 It is a comment on the changes in human fortune that within little more than a year the British had taken Philadelphia； that the clamorous bell had been hid away for safety； and that colonial wiseacres were urging the rescinding of the ill…timed Declaration and the reunion of the British Empire。
CHAPTER IV。 THE LOSS OF NEW YORK
Washington's success at Boston had one good effect。 It destroyed Tory influence in that Puritan stronghold。 New England was henceforth of a temper wholly revolutionary； and New England tradition holds that what its people think today other Americans think tomorrow。 But； in the summer of this year 1776； though no serious foe was visible at any point in the revolted colonies； a menace haunted every one of them。 The British had gone away by sea； by sea they would return。 On land armies move slowly and visibly； but on the sea a great force may pass out of sight and then suddenly reappear at an unexpected point。 This is the haunting terror of sea power。 Already the British had destroyed Falmouth； now Portland； Maine； and Norfolk； the principal town in Virginia。 Washington had no illusions of security。 He was anxious above all for the safety of New York； commanding the vital artery of the Hudson； which must at all costs be defended。 Accordingly； in April； he took his army to New York and established there his own headquarters。
Even before Washington moved to New York； three great British expeditions were nearing America。 One of these we have already seen at Quebec。 Another was bound for Charleston； to land there an army and to make the place a rallying center for the numerous but harassed Loyalists of the South。 The third and largest of these expeditions was to strike at New York and； by a show of strength； bring the colonists to reason and reconciliation。 If mildness failed the British intended to capture New York； sail up the Hudson and cut off New England from the other colonies。
The squadron destined for Charleston carried an army in command of a fine soldier； Lord Cornwallis； destined later to be the defeated leader in the last dramatic scene of the war。 In May this fleet reached Wilmington； North Carolina； and took on board two thousand men under General Sir Henry Clinton； who had been sent by Howe from Boston in vain to win the Carolinas and who now assumed military command of the combined forces。 Admiral Sir Peter Parker commanded the fleet； and on the 4th of June he was off Charleston Harbor。 Parker found that in order to cross the bar he would have to lighten his larger ships。 This was done by the laborious process of removing the guns； which； of course； he had to replace when the bar was crossed。 On the 28th of June； Parker drew up his ships before Fort Moultrie in the harbor。 He had expected simultaneous aid by land from three thousand soldiers put ashore from the fleet on a sandbar； but these troops could give him no help against the fort from which they were cut off by a channel of deep water。 A battle soon proved the British ships unable to withstand the American fire from Fort Moultrie。 Late in the evening Parker drew off； with two hundred and twenty…five casualties against an American loss of thirty…seven。 The check was greater than that of Bunker Hill； for there the British took the ground which they attacked。 The British sailors bore witness to the gallantry of the defense： 〃We never had such a drubbing in our lives；〃 one of them testified。 Only one of Parker's ten ships was seaworthy after the fight。 It took him three weeks to refit； and not until the 4th of August did his defeated ships reach New York。
A mighty armada of seven hundred ships had meanwhile sailed into the Bay of New York。 This fleet was commanded by Admiral Lord Howe and it carried an army of thirty thousand men led by his younger brother； Sir William Howe； who had commanded at Bunker Hill。 The General was an able and well…informed soldier。 He had a brilliant record of service in the Seven Years' War； with Wolfe in Canada； then in France itself； and in the West Indies。 In appearance he was tall； dark； and coarse。 His face showed him to be a free user of wine。 This may explain some of his faults as a general。 He trusted too much to subordinates； he was leisurely and rather indolent； yet capable of brilliant and rapid action。 In America his heart was never in his task。 He was member of Parliament for Nottingham and had publicly condemned the quarrel with America and told his electors that in it he would take no command。 He had not kept his word； but his convictions remained。 It would be to accuse Howe of treason to say that he did not do his best in America。 Lack of c