o ripen； and in which they are deliberately discussed； and executed with mature judgment。 The republicans in the United States set a high value upon morality； respect religious belief； and acknowledge the existence of rights。 They profess to think that a people ought to be moral；religious； and temperate； in proportion as it is free。 What is called the republic in the United States； is the tranquil rule of the majority； which； after having had time to examine itself； and to give proof of its existence； is the common source of all the powers of the State。 But the power of the majority is not of itself unlimited。 In the moral world humanity； justice； and reason enjoy an undisputed supremacy； in the political world vested rights are treated with no less deference。 The majority recognizes these two barriers； and if it now and then overstep them； it is because； like individuals； it has passions； and； like them； it is prone to do what is wrong； whilst it discerns what is right。
But the demagogues of Europe have made strange discoveries。 A republic is not； according to them； the rule of the majority； as has hitherto been thought； but the rule of those who are strenuous partisans of the majority。 It is not the people who preponderates in this kind of government； but those who are best versed in the good qualities of the people。 A happy distinction； which allows men to act in the name of nations without consulting them； and to claim their gratitude whilst their rights are spurned。 A republican government； moreover； is the only one which claims the right of doing whatever it chooses； and despising what men have hitherto respected； from the highest moral obligations to the vulgar rules of common…sense。 It had been supposed； until our time； that despotism was odious； under whatever form it appeared。 But it is a discovery of modern days that there are such things as legitimate tyranny and holy injustice； provided they are exercised in the name of the people。
The ideas which the Americans have adopted respecting the republican form of government； render it easy for them to live under it； and insure its duration。 If； in their country； this form be often practically bad； at least it is theoretically good； and； in the end； the people always acts in conformity to it。
It was impossible at the foundation of the States； and it would still be difficult； to establish a central administration in America。 The inhabitants are dispersed over too great a space； and separated by too many natural obstacles； for one man to undertake to direct the details of their existence。 America is therefore pre…eminently the country of provincial and municipal government。 To this cause； which was plainly felt by all the Europeans of the New World； the Anglo…Americans added several others peculiar to themselves。
At the time of the settlement of the North American colonies； municipal liberty had already penetrated into the laws as well as the manners of the English； and the emigrants adopted it； not only as a necessary thing； but as a benefit which they knew how to appreciate。 We have already seen the manner in which the colonies were founded： every province； and almost every district； was peopled separately by men who were strangers to each other； or who associated with very different purposes。 The English settlers in the United States； therefore； early perceived that they were divided into a great number of small and distinct communities which belonged to no common centre； and that it was needful for each of these little communities to take care of its own affairs； since there did not appear to be any central authority which was naturally bound and easily enabled to provide for them。 Thus； the nature of the country； the manner in which the British colonies were founded； the habits of the first emigrants； in short everything； united to promote； in an extraordinary degree； municipal and provincial liberties。
In the United States； therefore； the mass of the institutions of the country is essentially republican； and in order permanently to destroy the laws which form the basis of the republic； it would be necessary to abolish all the laws at once。 At the present day it would be even more difficult for a party to succeed in founding a monarchy in the United States than for a set of men to proclaim that France should henceforward be a republic。 Royalty would not find a system of legislation prepared for it beforehand； and a monarchy would then exist； really surrounded by republican institutions。 The monarchical principle would likewise have great difficulty in penetrating into the manners of the Americans。
In the United States； the sovereignty of the people is not an isolated doctrine bearing no relation to the prevailing manners and ideas of the people： it may； on the contrary； be regarded as the last link of a chain of opinions which binds the whole Anglo… American world。 That Providence has given to every human being the degree of reason necessary to direct himself in the affairs which interest him exclusively … such is the grand maxim upon which civil and political society rests in the United States。 The father of a family applies it to his children； the master to his servants； the township to its officers； the province to its townships； the State to its provinces； the Union to the States； and when extended to the nation； it becomes the doctrine of the sovereignty of the people。
Thus； in the United States； the fundamental principle of the republic is the same which governs the greater part of human actions； republican notions insinuate themselves into all the ideas； opinions； and habits of the Americans； whilst they are formerly recognized by the legislation： and before this legislation can be altered the whole community must undergo very serious changes。 In the United States； even the religion of most of the citizens is republican； since it submits the truths of the other world to private judgment： as in politics the care of its temporal interests is abandoned to the good sense of the people。 Thus every man is allowed freely to take that road which he thinks will lead him to heaven； just as the law permits every citizen to have the right of choosing his government。
It is evident that nothing but a long series of events； all having the same tendency； can substitute for this combination of laws； opinions； and manners； a mass of opposite opinions； manners； and laws。
If republican principles are to perish in America； they can only yield after a laborious social process； often interrupted； and as often resumed； they will have many apparent revivals； and will not become totally extinct until an entirely new people shall have succeeded to that which now exists。 Now； it must be admitted that there is no symptom or presage of the approach of such a revolution。 There is nothing more striking to a person newly arrived in the United States； than the kind of tumultuous agitation in which he finds political society。 The laws are incessantly changing； and at first sight it seems impossible that a people so variable in its desires should avoid adopting； within a short space of time； a completely new form of government。 Such apprehensions are； however； premature； the instability which affects political institutions is of two kinds； which ought not to be confounded： the first； which modifies secondary laws； is not incompatible with a very settled state of society； the other shakes the very foundations of the Constitution； and attacks the fundamental principles of legislation； this species of instability is always followed by troubles and revolutions； and the nation which suffers under it is in a state of violent transition。
Experience shows that these two kinds of legislative instability have no necessary connection； for they have been found united or separate； according to times and circumstances。 The first is common in the United States； but not the second： the Americans often change their laws； but the foundation of the Constitution is respected。
In our days the republican principle rules in America； as the monarchical principle did in France under Louis XIV。 The French of that period were not only friends of the monarchy； but they thought it impossible to put anything in its place； they received it as we receive the rays of the sun and the return of the seasons。 Amongst them the royal power had neither advocates nor opponents。 In like manner does the republican government exist in America； without contention or opposition； without proofs and arguments； by a tacit agreement； a sort of consensus universalis。 It is； however； my opinion that by changing their administrative forms as often as they do； the inhabitants of the United States compromise the future stability of their government。
It may be apprehended that men； perpetually thwarted in their designs by the mutability of the legislation； will learn to look upon republican institutions as an inconvenient form of society； the evil resulting from the instability of the secondary enactments might then raise a doubt as to the nature of the fundamental principles of the Constitution； and indirectly bring about a revolution； but this epoch is still very remote。
It may； however； be