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own¡¡advantage£»¡¡thus£»¡¡within¡¡the¡¡last¡¡few¡¡months¡¡serious¡¡riots¡¡have¡¡broken¡¡out¡¡in¡¡Philadelphia¡¡and¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡£¡¡Disturbances¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡are¡¡unknown¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡nowise¡¡alarmed¡¡by¡¡them£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡population¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cities¡¡has¡¡hitherto¡¡exercised¡¡neither¡¡power¡¡nor¡¡influence¡¡over¡¡the¡¡rural¡¡districts¡£¡¡¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡I¡¡look¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡size¡¡of¡¡certain¡¡American¡¡cities£»¡¡and¡¡especially¡¡on¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡their¡¡population£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡real¡¡danger¡¡which¡¡threatens¡¡the¡¡future¡¡security¡¡of¡¡the¡¡democratic¡¡republics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡venture¡¡to¡¡predict¡¡that¡¡they¡¡will¡¡perish¡¡from¡¡this¡¡circumstance¡¡unless¡¡the¡¡government¡¡succeeds¡¡in¡¡creating¡¡an¡¡armed¡¡force£»¡¡which£»¡¡whilst¡¡it¡¡remains¡¡under¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nation£»¡¡will¡¡be¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡town¡¡population£»¡¡and¡¡able¡¡to¡¡repress¡¡its¡¡excesses¡£

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To¡¡subject¡¡the¡¡provinces¡¡to¡¡the¡¡metropolis¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡place¡¡the¡¡destiny¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community£»¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡reprobated¡¡as¡¡unjust£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡place¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡a¡¡populace¡¡acting¡¡under¡¡its¡¡own¡¡impulses£»¡¡which¡¡must¡¡be¡¡avoided¡¡as¡¡dangerous¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡preponderance¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡cities¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡a¡¡serious¡¡blow¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡representative¡¡system£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡exposes¡¡modern¡¡republics¡¡to¡¡the¡¡same¡¡defect¡¡as¡¡the¡¡republics¡¡of¡¡antiquity£»¡¡which¡¡all¡¡perished¡¡from¡¡not¡¡having¡¡been¡¡acquainted¡¡with¡¡that¡¡form¡¡of¡¡government¡£

It¡¡would¡¡be¡¡easy¡¡for¡¡me¡¡to¡¡adduce¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡secondary¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡have¡¡contributed¡¡to¡¡establish£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡concur¡¡to¡¡maintain£»¡¡the¡¡democratic¡¡republic¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡I¡¡discern¡¡two¡¡principal¡¡circumstances¡¡amongst¡¡these¡¡favorable¡¡elements£»¡¡which¡¡I¡¡hasten¡¡to¡¡point¡¡out¡£¡¡I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡settlements¡¡may¡¡be¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡first¡¡and¡¡most¡¡efficacious¡¡cause¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡present¡¡prosperity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡may¡¡be¡¡attributed¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Americans¡¡had¡¡the¡¡chances¡¡of¡¡birth¡¡in¡¡their¡¡favor£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡forefathers¡¡imported¡¡that¡¡equality¡¡of¡¡conditions¡¡into¡¡the¡¡country¡¡whence¡¡the¡¡democratic¡¡republic¡¡has¡¡very¡¡naturally¡¡taken¡¡its¡¡rise¡£¡¡¡¡Nor¡¡was¡¡this¡¡all¡¡they¡¡did£»¡¡for¡¡besides¡¡this¡¡republican¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡society£»¡¡the¡¡early¡¡settler¡¡bequeathed¡¡to¡¡their¡¡descendants¡¡those¡¡customs£»¡¡manners£»¡¡and¡¡opinions¡¡which¡¡contribute¡¡most¡¡to¡¡the¡¡success¡¡of¡¡a¡¡republican¡¡form¡¡of¡¡government¡£¡¡¡¡When¡¡I¡¡reflect¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡this¡¡primary¡¡circumstance£»¡¡methinks¡¡I¡¡see¡¡the¡¡destiny¡¡of¡¡America¡¡embodied¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡Puritan¡¡who¡¡landed¡¡on¡¡those¡¡shores£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡the¡¡human¡¡race¡¡was¡¡represented¡¡by¡¡the¡¡first¡¡man¡£

The¡¡chief¡¡circumstance¡¡which¡¡has¡¡favored¡¡the¡¡establishment¡¡and¡¡the¡¡maintenance¡¡of¡¡a¡¡democratic¡¡republic¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡is¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡territory¡¡which¡¡the¡¡American¡¡inhabit¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡ancestors¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡equality¡¡and¡¡of¡¡freedom£»¡¡but¡¡God¡¡himself¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡remaining¡¡equal¡¡and¡¡free£»¡¡by¡¡placing¡¡them¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡boundless¡¡continent£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡open¡¡to¡¡their¡¡exertions¡£¡¡¡¡General¡¡prosperity¡¡is¡¡favorable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡stability¡¡of¡¡all¡¡governments£»¡¡but¡¡more¡¡particularly¡¡of¡¡a¡¡democratic¡¡constitution£»¡¡which¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡dispositions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡majority£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡particularly¡¡of¡¡that¡¡portion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡¡which¡¡is¡¡most¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡feel¡¡the¡¡pressure¡¡of¡¡want¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡people¡¡rules£»¡¡it¡¡must¡¡be¡¡rendered¡¡happy£»¡¡or¡¡it¡¡will¡¡overturn¡¡the¡¡State£»¡¡and¡¡misery¡¡is¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡stimulate¡¡it¡¡to¡¡those¡¡excesses¡¡to¡¡which¡¡ambition¡¡rouses¡¡kings¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡physical¡¡causes£»¡¡independent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡laws£»¡¡which¡¡contribute¡¡to¡¡promote¡¡general¡¡prosperity£»¡¡are¡¡more¡¡numerous¡¡in¡¡America¡¡than¡¡they¡¡have¡¡ever¡¡been¡¡in¡¡any¡¡other¡¡country¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡at¡¡any¡¡other¡¡period¡¡of¡¡history¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡not¡¡only¡¡is¡¡legislation¡¡democratic£»¡¡but¡¡nature¡¡herself¡¡favors¡¡the¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡

In¡¡what¡¡part¡¡of¡¡human¡¡tradition¡¡can¡¡be¡¡found¡¡anything¡¡at¡¡all¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡that¡¡which¡¡is¡¡occurring¡¡under¡¡our¡¡eyes¡¡in¡¡North¡¡America£¿¡¡¡¡The¡¡celebrated¡¡communities¡¡of¡¡antiquity¡¡were¡¡all¡¡founded¡¡in¡¡the¡¡midst¡¡of¡¡hostile¡¡nations£»¡¡which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡subjugate¡¡before¡¡they¡¡could¡¡flourish¡¡in¡¡their¡¡place¡£¡¡¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡moderns¡¡have¡¡found£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡South¡¡America£»¡¡vast¡¡regions¡¡inhabited¡¡by¡¡a¡¡people¡¡of¡¡inferior¡¡civilization£»¡¡but¡¡which¡¡occupied¡¡and¡¡cultivated¡¡the¡¡soil¡£¡¡¡¡To¡¡found¡¡their¡¡new¡¡states¡¡it¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡extirpate¡¡or¡¡to¡¡subdue¡¡a¡¡numerous¡¡population£»¡¡until¡¡civilization¡¡has¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡blush¡¡for¡¡their¡¡success¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡North¡¡America¡¡was¡¡only¡¡inhabited¡¡by¡¡wandering¡¡tribes£»¡¡who¡¡took¡¡no¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡riches¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soil£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡vast¡¡country¡¡was¡¡still£»¡¡properly¡¡speaking£»¡¡an¡¡empty¡¡continent£»¡¡a¡¡desert¡¡land¡¡awaiting¡¡its¡¡inhabitants¡£

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That¡¡continent¡¡still¡¡presents£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡did¡¡in¡¡the¡¡primeval¡¡time£»¡¡rivers¡¡which¡¡rise¡¡from¡¡never¡­failing¡¡sources£»¡¡green¡¡and¡¡moist¡¡solitudes£»¡¡and¡¡fields¡¡which¡¡the¡¡ploughshare¡¡of¡¡the¡¡husbandman¡¡has¡¡never¡¡turned¡£¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡state¡¡it¡¡is¡¡offered¡¡to¡¡man£»¡¡not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡barbarous¡¡and¡¡isolated¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡ages£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡a¡¡being¡¡who¡¡is¡¡already¡¡in¡¡possession¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡potent¡¡secrets¡¡of¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡world£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡united¡¡to¡¡his¡¡fellow¡­men£»¡¡and¡¡instructed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡experience¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡centuries¡£¡¡¡¡At¡¡this¡¡very¡¡time¡¡thirteen¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡civilized¡¡Europeans¡¡are¡¡peaceably¡¡spreading¡¡over¡¡those¡¡fertile¡¡plains£»¡¡with¡¡whose¡¡resources¡¡and¡¡whose¡¡extent¡¡they¡¡are¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡themselves¡¡accurately¡¡acquainted¡£¡¡¡¡Three¡¡or¡¡four¡¡thousand¡¡soldiers¡¡drive¡¡the¡¡wandering¡¡races¡¡of¡¡the¡¡aborigines¡¡before¡¡them£»¡¡these¡¡are¡¡followed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡pioneers£»¡¡who¡¡pierce¡¡the¡¡woods£»¡¡scare¡¡off¡¡the¡¡beasts¡¡of¡¡prey£»¡¡explore¡¡the¡¡courses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inland¡¡streams£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡ready¡¡the¡¡triumphal¡¡procession¡¡of¡¡civilization¡¡across¡¡the¡¡waste¡£

The¡¡favorable¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡temporal¡¡prosperity¡¡of¡¡America¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡institutions¡¡of¡¡that¡¡country¡¡has¡¡been¡¡so¡¡often¡¡described¡¡by¡¡others£»¡¡and¡¡adverted¡¡to¡¡by¡¡myself£»¡¡that¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡enlarge¡¡upon¡¡it¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡addition¡¡of¡¡a¡¡few¡¡facts¡£¡¡¡¡An¡¡erroneous¡¡notion¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡entertained¡¡that¡¡the¡¡deserts¡¡of¡¡America¡¡are¡¡peopled¡¡by¡¡European¡¡emigrants£»¡¡who¡¡annually¡¡disembark¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡coasts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World£»¡¡whilst¡¡the¡¡American¡¡population¡¡increases¡¡and¡¡multiplies¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡which¡¡its¡¡forefathers¡¡tilled¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡European¡¡settler£»¡¡however£»¡¡usually¡¡arrives¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡without¡¡friends£»¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡without¡¡resources£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡subsist¡¡he¡¡is¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡work¡¡for¡¡hire£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡rarely¡¡proceeds¡¡beyond¡¡that¡¡belt¡¡of¡¡industrious¡¡population¡¡which¡¡adjoins¡¡the¡¡ocean¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡desert¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡explored¡¡without¡¡capital¡¡or¡¡credit£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡body¡¡must¡¡be¡¡accustomed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rigors¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡climate¡¡before¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡exposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡chances¡¡of¡¡forest¡¡life¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡themselves¡¡who¡¡daily¡¡quit¡¡the¡¡spots¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡them¡¡birth¡¡to¡¡acquire¡¡extensive¡¡domains¡¡in¡¡a¡¡remote¡¡country¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡European¡¡leaves¡¡his¡¡cottage¡¡for¡¡the¡¡trans¡­Atlantic¡¡shores£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡American£»¡¡who¡¡is¡¡born¡¡on¡¡that¡¡very¡¡coast£»¡¡plunges¡¡in¡¡his¡¡turn¡¡into¡¡the¡¡wilds¡¡of¡¡Central¡¡America¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡double¡¡emigration¡¡is¡¡incessant£»¡¡it¡¡begins¡¡in¡¡the¡¡remotest¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡Europe£»¡¡it¡¡crosses¡¡the¡¡Atlantic¡¡Ocean£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡advances¡¡over¡¡the¡¡solitudes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡£¡¡¡¡Millions¡¡of¡¡men¡¡are¡¡marching¡¡at¡¡once¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡same¡¡horizon£»¡¡their¡¡language£»¡¡their¡¡religion£»¡¡their¡¡manners¡¡differ£»¡¡their¡¡object¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡The¡¡gifts¡¡of¡¡fortune¡¡are¡¡promised¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡West¡¡they¡¡bend¡¡their¡¡course¡£¡¡*b

£§Footnote¡¡b£º¡¡£§The¡¡number¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡immigrants¡¡into¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡in¡¡the¡¡last¡¡fifty¡¡years¡¡£¨from¡¡1820¡¡to¡¡1871£©¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡to¡¡be¡¡7£»556£»007¡£¡¡¡¡Of¡¡these£»¡¡4£»104£»553¡¡spoke¡¡English¡¡¡­¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡they¡¡came¡¡from¡¡Great¡¡Britain£»¡¡Ireland£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡British¡¡colonies£»¡¡2£»643£»069¡¡came¡¡from¡¡Germany¡¡or¡¡northern¡¡Europe£»¡¡and¡¡about¡¡half¡¡a¡¡million¡¡from¡¡the¡¡south¡¡of¡¡Europe¡££§£§

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